The Leather History Timeline

ADDENDUM:
Head of a Sphinx of Hatshepsut, Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, c. 1503-1482 B.C., found at Deir el-Bahri, Thebes. Red granite sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

This statue is one of six that were likely placed along the processional way into Hatshepsut's temple on the lower terrace. Only the head and shoulders of this statue were recovered.

Patches of blue paint on the false beard are still visible, as are traces of yellow and blue on the nemes royal headdress.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Composition of the Valmiki Ramayana, one of the two greatest Indian epics. It is relevant here for two passages.

At one point in the story, Hanuman sees Rakshasi (female Rakshasa) kissing and embracing human women. (Rakshasas are a supernatural race similar to Western demons in some respects. They are not always malevant.)

In another place, the Ramayana includes the tale of King Dilip and his wives. Dilip had two wives but died without leaving an heir. Lord Shiva appeared to the widowed queens in their dreams and told them that if they make love to each other, they would have a child. The queens did so and one became pregnant. She gave birth to a child, who became king.

CITE:

• Time to destigmatise homosexuality by Sumit Paul on 09 October 2022 on the Deccan Herald
• Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances by Prabhash K Dutta on Jul 10, 2018 for India Today
• LGBTQIA+ Depiction in Ancient Indian Texts

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 20, 2024.

ADDENDUM: The Etruscan Tomb of the Bulls (Tomba dei Tori) was discovered in 1892 in the Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia. Its wall paintings include scenes of . The tomb's name comes from two bulls observing human sexual intercourse: one scene shows a man and a woman, while the other depicts two men. These images might serve protective purposes or symbolize the cycle of life and the afterlife. The tomb, which has three chambers, bears the name of the deceased, Aranth Spurianas or Arath Spuriana. It also features depictions of Achilles killing the Trojan prince Troilus and elements related to the Apollo cult.

SEE ALSO:

• Stephan Steingräber, Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting (Getty Publications, 2006), pp. 67, 70, 91–92
• Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art, translated by R. Serra Ridgway (Yale University Press, 1978, 1995), pp. 165–170
• Fred S. Kleiner, A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010), p. xxxii.

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 7, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Creation of a mural in the Etruscan Tomba della Fustigazione (Tomb of the Whipping) near Tarquinia, Italy. It portrays two men and a woman having sex while one man hits the woman with a cane and the other man slaps her with his hand.


SOURCE: History of Kink by -Raid- on FetLife

IMAGE SOURCE: AlMare, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 7, 2023.

ADDENDUM: The Kama Sutra of Vatsayayana is published in India. As noted by Jillianne Hamilton, it is well-known today all over the world for being a sex guide, but it also features advice on love, living well, relationships, family and more.

SOURCE: The History of Sex: A Brief Timeline by Jillianne Hamilton.

According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)" (page 7):

It lists four ways of striking in the act of love; the areas of the body appropriate for this; and the lustful cries that the bottom may utter. The text specifies that beating, along with pinching and biting during intercourse, should only occur with the consent of the partner, as not all women find it arousing.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Plato writes The Symposium in which Aristophanes delivers a speech explaining the myth of how mankind consisted of three genders: male, female, and androgynous, and each person had four hands, four legs, two heads, two sets of genitals, etc.,. Zeus decided to cut each person in two resulting in only two genders: male and female.


SEE ALSO: Non-binary genders have Thousands of Years of Precedent at genderben.com

In addition, The Symposium contains a debate about the nature of love where Phaedrus, Eryximachus, Aristophanes, and others argue that love between men is the highest form and sex with women is lustful and utilitarian.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Composition of the Mahabharata, one of the two greatest Indian epics. It is relevant here for two passages.

The first passage includes the story of Shikhandini, a cisgender woman warrior and a daughter of King Drupada, who raised her as a prince to take revenge on the Kurus, the rulers of Hastinapur. Shikhandini marries a woman, but her wife discoves the reality and rejects her spouse. One night, Shikhandini is devinely endowed with manhood and lives as a hermaphrodite.

The second passage deals with the Samudra Manthan, a Hindu creation story in which the Devas (gods) and Asuras (demons) worked together to release Amrita, the nectar of immortality, by churning the milky ocean. To prevent the demons from consuming the amrita, Lord Vishnu took the form of Mohini, his female avatar and goddess of enchantment, beauty, seduction, eroticism, and illusion. Mohini seduced the Asuras so that the Devas could drink all of the Amrita. Meanwhile, Lord Shiva saw Mohini and fell in love with her. The consummation of their love resulted in the bith of Lord Ayyappa, a warrior deity mainly worshipped in South India.

contrib. Ambrosio. February 24, 2024.

ADDENDUM: In On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body Claudius Galen Of Perganon writes that all the parts, then, that men have, women have too, the difference between them lying in only one thing, namely, that in women the parts are within, whereas in men they are outside. He doesn't mention the clitoris.

contrib. Ambrosio April 6, 2023.

ADDENDUM: According to the LGBTQ History Timeline Reference - GLSEN: Antinous, a 19-year-old man who was the Roman Emperor Hadrian’s favorite lover, mysteriously dies in the Roman province of Egypt. After finding out about Antinous’s death, Hadrian creates a cult that gave Antinous the status of a god and built several sculptures of him throughout the Roman Empire.

SEE ALSO:

• Hadrian and Antinous: An Ancient Love Story. Romeo.com. February 2017
• Hadrian and Antinous. World Queerstory. November 8, 2020.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 27, 2023.

SEE ALSO: Arrows of desire: How did St Sebastian become an enduring, homo-erotic icon?
How did a burly, middle-aged soldier become an enduring, homo-erotic icon? As Guido Reni's extraordinary series of St Sebastian paintings are shown together for the first time, Charles Darwent investigates...
Sunday 10 February 2008
contrib. Ambrosio. February 24, 2024.

ADDENDUM: Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, called "Elagabalus," rules the Roman Empire for four years before being assassination. According to Roman chroniclers writing after his death, Elagabalus was born a male but dressed in the clothing of a female sex worker, wanted to be addressed as a lady rather than a lord, and expressed a desire for genital removal surgery. Historians today are divided about how much of that it true and which pronouns to us to describe Elagabalus.

SEE ALSO:

• How historians are documenting the lives of transgender people by Erin Blakemore for Nationa Geographic on June 24, 2022.
• Trans Emperor Claim Oversimplifies Roman Gender Identities, Historians Say in Newsweek on Dec 23, 2023.
• Trans Emperor Claim Oversimplifies Roman Gender Identities, Historians Say in Newsweek on Dec 23, 2023.
• A Brief Biography of Elagabalus: the transgender ruler of Rome
• Museum reclassifies Roman emperor as trans woman

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 15, 2024.

ADDENDUM: Leonardo da Vinci, a young artist in Florence, is anonymously accused of committing sodomy, a grave crime at the time. The accusation involves Leonardo and three other young men, including a known male prostitute. The charges are detailed in a denunciation filed with the Office of the Night, a special judicial body in Florence responsible for investigating sodomy. No concrete evidence or witness testimony support the claims, so the charges were eventually dismissed.

Another anonymous accusation was made a few weeks later, but it was dropped when no witnesses came forward.

Many historical scholars conclude that Leonardo da Vinci was gay. He had close, intimate relationships with men, such as his apprentices, including Gian Giacomo Caprotti (known as Salai), who worked with him for more than 30 years. Notably, he never married or had known romantic relationships with women, which was unusual for a man of his status during that time. His notebooks also contain drawings and writings that focus more on male beauty than female. He drew countless beautiful sketches of the phallus and anus. He once wrote that the sexual act of coitus and the body parts employed for it are so repulsive, that were it not for the beauty of the faces and the adornment of the actors and the pent-up impulse, nature would lose the human species.

According to Elizabeth Abbott in History of Celibacy, male love is widely accepted and celebrated in Renaissance Italy. Renaissance humanists had rediscovered Plato's writings celebrating "l’amore masculino." Walter Isaacson notes that sodomy is so notoriously prevalent in Florence at the time that contemporary German slang for a homosexual is Florenzer. But the Catholic church condemns it as a sin and compares it to having sex with demons.

SEE ALSO:

• Walter Isaacson. Leonardo da Vinci. Simon & Schuster: New York, 2017
• Da Vinci's sex life reveals a complex understanding of male love. January 28, 2020
• Transgender Motifs in Leonardo’s Art by Jean-Pierre Isbouts. Oct 2, 2017
• Angelo Incarnato
  • "Angelo Incarnato" by Leonardo da Vinci on gayheroes.com
  • Angel Incarnate: Leonardo da Vinci and the Pleasure of Boys

contrib. Ambrosio August 2024.

ADDENDUM: German Catholic clergyman Heinrich Kramer publishes the Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Witches), a treatise on witchcraft. The book refers to the engorged clitoris as "the devil’s teat." If a woman's clitoris becomes engorged under stimulation, it proves she is a witch.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 10, 2023.

ADDENDUM: On October 5, 1513 in the village of Quarequa on the Isthmus of Panama, Vasco Nunez de Balboa ordered the killing of several hundred Panamanian natives in the village of Quarequa, including some forty men (including the native king's brother) who dressed as women and practiced sodomy. Two days later he "discovered" the Pacific ocean.

contrib. Ambrosio March 31, 2023.

ADDENDUM: An altarpiece of Saint Sebastian in the church of San Marco in Venice prompts unclean thoughts among the female parishioners.

In his Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architettori (Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects), Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) writes about the painting:

Fra Bartolommeo returned to Florence. There he had been accused many times of not knowing how to paint nudes; for which reason he resolved to put himself to the test, and to show by means of his labour that he was as well fitted as any other master for the highest achievements of his art. Whereupon, to prove this, he painted a picture of S. Sebastian, naked, very lifelike in the colouring of the flesh, sweet in countenance, and likewise executed with corresponding beauty of person, whereby he won infinite praise from the craftsmen. It is said that, while this figure was exposed to view in the church, the friars found, through the confessional, women who had sinned at the sight of it, on account of the charm and melting beauty of the lifelike reality imparted to it by the genius of Fra Bartolommeo; for which reason they removed it from the church and placed it in the chapter-house, where it did not remain long before it was bought by Giovan Battista della Palla and sent to the King of France.

SEE ALSO:

• Sweet Pain by Nigel Spivey in The Guardian on March 30, 2001
• Object of desire by James Fenton in The Guardian on Feb 15, 2008

contrib. Ambrosio August 2024.

ADDENDUM: French physician Charles Estienne dissected clitoris for the first time. In 1546 he published La dissection des parties du corps humain in which he identified its sole purpose as urination and called it "the shameful member."

contrib. Ambrosio April 13, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Larry Townsend made Henri III the subject of his historical novel The Fairy King (a.k.a. ManSword) in 1970

contrib. Ambrosio April 13, 2023.

ADDENDUM: The anatomist Renaldus Columbus "discovers" the clitoris. (He is not the first Columbus to make a dubious historical discovery.) In De re anatomica (On Things Anatomical), he identifies it as the seat of pleasure for women and dubbes it Amor Veneris ("love of venus") and a "seat of lust." He recognizes that it is made of erectile tissue, like the penis. He might not be the first person (or even the first man) to discover the clitoris, but gets credit for making a definitive description of the pulmonary circulation in that organ.

Renaldus Columbus is the former assistant to Andreas Vesalius who is called "the father of modern anatomy." Columbus's assertion contradicts De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body) --- one of the most influential books on human anatomy which was written by his old master Andreas Vesalius.

In response to the implication or inference of ommisions and errors in his book --- Andreas Vesalius writes:

It is unreasonable to blame others for incompetence on the basis of some sport of nature you have observed in some women and you can hardly ascribe this new and useless part, as if it were an organ, to healthy women. I think that such a structure appears in hermaphrodites who otherwise have well formed genitals, as Paul of Aegina describes, but I have never once seen in any woman a penis (which Avicenna called albaratha and the Greeks called an enlarged nympha and classed as an illness) or even the rudiments of a tiny phallus.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 10, 2023. updated August 2024

ADDENDUM: in Observationes Anatomicae, the Italian priest and anatomist Gabriello Fallopio claimed that he was the first to know about the clitoris. The learned priest disagreed with Renaldus Columbus that it was the seat of pleasure for women.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 10, 2023.

ADDENDUM: In Florida, the Spanish military authorities execute a French interpreter named Guillermo for having a same-sex relationship with a Native American male. It is the first known execution for sodomy in North America.
SOURCE: The History of Sex: A Brief Timeline by Jillianne Hamilton.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The remark is disputed. It is attributed to Marlowe from the testimony of Richard Baines, a government informer, in 1593.
CITE: Wikiquote

Many of Marlowe's plays included a theme of Homosexuality --- most notably The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer, a play about the homosexual king of England.

According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

The English Poet Christopher Marlowe (circa 1580) writes in an epigram:

When Francus comes to solace with his whore,
He sends for rods and strips himself stark naked;
For his lust sleeps, and will not rise before
By whipping of the wench it be awaked.
I envy him not, but wish I had the power, To make his wench but one half hour.

CITE: Dühren, Eugen (d.i. Iwan Bloch): „Englische Sittengeschichte“. 2. veränderte edn., Louis Marcus Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1912, Vol I, p. 441ff.

IMAGE SOURCE: The British Library

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: During a Spanish expedition through what later became known as North Carolina, Captain Juan Pardo encountered a native American man wearning a woman's apron. The cacique (tribal leader) explained that the man in the apron was his brother and that he was not a man for war and for other things that men do, but he went as a woman and did women’s tasks.

contrib. Ambrosio March 31, 2023.

ADDENDUM: It was Pedro de Magalhães de Gândavo, Portuguese explorer, who encounted the Tupinamba Indians of northeastern Brazil. He described those native women as "Amazons."

The [women] wear their hair cut in the same way as the men, and go to war with bows and arrows and pursue game, always in company with men; each has a woman to serve her, to whom she says she is married, and they treat each other and speak with each other as man and wife.

CITE: Walter Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988, p. 233

SEE ALSO:

• The Prehistory of Prop 8 by Christopher Ryan Ph.D posted August 8, 2010 on psychologytoday.com
• A brief history of ‘marriage,’ part 12: Same-sex marriage in prehistoric societies by Bob McCubbin posted on August 11, 2013 on workers.org

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

This painting is attributed to Juan van der Hamen, Public Domain
IMAGE SOURCE: Wikimedia Commons


SEE ALSO Catalina de Erauso by Queerstorian on worldqueerstory.org

contrib. Ambrosio. between 2022 and 2024.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Francis Bacon, a noted gay man who coined the term "masculine love," publishes "The Advancement of Learning—an argument for empirical research and against superstition." This deductive system for empirical research earned him the title "the Father of Modern Science."

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Hand colored lithograph of the woman known as 'Queen Ginga' in Portugal. Her name was Nzinga Mbande, although her name when converting to Christianity was 'Ana de Sousa'. Drawing from the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

Addendum:

If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.

Leviticus 20:13. King James Version (KJV)

ADDENDUM: Jane Sharp, an English Midwife, publishes The Midwives Book: or the Whole Art of Midwifery. In the books she writes The Clitoris is a sinewy hard body, full of spongy and black matter within it, as it is in the side ligaments of a mans Yard, and this Clitoris will stand and fall as the Yard doth, & makes women lustfull and take delight in Copulation, and were it not for this they would have no desire nor delight, nor would they ever conceive.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 10, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Based on his study of cadavers, Dutch scientist Reinier De Graaf (1641–1673) produced a monograph on the female genital tract. It included the most detailed anatomical reference to the clitoris to date.

In the monograph he observed If these parts of the pudendum had not been endowed with such an exquisite sensitivity to pleasure and passion, no woman would be willing to take upon herself the irksome and nine-months long business of gestation, the painful and often fatal process of expelling the fetus, and the worrisome and care-ridden task of raising children.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 10, 2023.

SEE ALSO: Who's this penis? (VIDEO 1:45) - Cunk On Britain - BBC Two

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

REQUEST: I haven't been able to confirm or locate anything further about this entry. I couldn't find anything similar to it on the Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochism.

"Uuerttemburg" might be a misspelling. Tony DeBlase might have meant Württemberg. But Württemberg was historically located in the old Duchy of Swabia --- not Prussia. Presently it is located within the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg in Southern Germany.

I would appreciate if someone can provide me with more information and a citation.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Philip, Duke of Wharton, establishes the original Hellfire Club in London in 1718. Other exclussive clubs adopt the name afterward.

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 19, 2023.

ADDENDUM:
The life of Chevalier D’Eon a sexually ambiguous cross-dressing French Spy (October 5, 1728 - May 1810)

contrib. Ambrosio Jan 19, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Francis Dashwood establishes the most infamous "Hell Fire Club" in 1746. They hold meetinsgs until 1766. Members include Benjamin Franklin, Chevalier D’Eon (the sexually ambiguous cross-dressing French Spy who lived October 5, 1728 - May 1810), George Selwyn (the "gentleman sadist"), and Lady Mary Wortley Montague.

SEE ALSO:

• Daniel P. Mannix, The Hellfire Club. Ibooks, New York, 2001.
• Donald Goddard, "The Hell-Fire Club: Visions of Debauchery Danced in Their Heads" Feb. 27, 1972. New York Times.
• Kimberly Ison, "The Hellfire Club, an 18th-Century Ritual Cult for the Famous and Powerful" on historyhustle.com. May 10, 2018.
• The Secret Hellfire Club on heritagedaily.com. August 2020.

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 19, 2023.

CORECTION: Originally this timeline dated the publication as 1749. In fact, it was published in two volumes in 1748–49.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

In John Cleland’s „Fanny Hill: The Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure“, the female protagonist meets an „unhappy man“ who is „in a habitual state of conflict with and dislike of himself for being enslaved to so peculiar a taste, by the fatality of a constitutional ascendant, that render’d him incapable of receiving any pleasure till he submitted to these extraordinary means of procuring it at the hand of pain.“

CITED by DACHS: Cleland, John: „Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure“. G. Fenton, London 1748/49, cited from Noyes, John K.: „The Mastery of Submission“. Cornell University Press, Ithaca et al. 1997, p. 84

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the LGBTQ History Timeline Reference - GLSEN: Thomas Cannon wrote what may be the earliest published defense of Homosexuality in English, 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify’d.'

No original copies are known to exist, but an excerpt was included in the 1750 indictment of Cannon's printer, John Purser.

SEE ALSO: Cannon, Thomas. “The Indictment of John Purser, Containing Thomas Cannon’s Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify’d.” Edited by Hal Gladfelder and Dudley Ryder Knight. Eighteenth-Century Life (Duke University Press) 31, no. 1 (2007): 39–61.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Dominican theologian Charles René Billuart (1685-1757) declares that demons can change their apparent gender depending on the human with whom they copulate. In Tractatus de angelis (Vol. 2 of Summa sancti Thomae), he writes The same evil spirit may serve as a succubus to a man; and as an incubus serve a woman. By this duality they are able to re-use semen received while acting as succubus for later emission as incubus.

(In the 20th century, English occultist and author, Montague Summers will include this quote by Billuart in many of his books including Witchcraft and Black Magic, The History of Witchcraft and Demonology, and The Vampire, His Kith and Kin.)

This would be a great couple's costume for Halloween or cosplay.

contrib. Ambrosio. August 2024.

ADDENDUM: As noted by -Raid- in his History of Kink on FetLife:

The Birchen Bouquet is a work of pornography first published around 1770, reprinted in 1826 by George Cannon, in 1860 by William Dugdale and again in 1881 by William Lazenby (when it was said to have been printed at Birchington-on-Sea). consisting of a compilation of flagellation stories, mainly of women by women.

When it was republished in 1867, it included new articles lifted from The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, a magazine that ran in England from 1852 to 1879.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 27, 2023.

ADDENDUM: According to the LGBTQ History Timeline Reference - GLSEN: Thomas Jefferson revises Virginia law to make sodomy (committed by men or women) punishable by mutilation rather than death
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Captain William Bligh, in Command of The Bounty, stops in Tahiti and encounters the Mahu (meaning "in the middle"), the third gender people in Hawaiian and Tahitian cultures.

SEE ALSO:

• The Meaning of Mahu (VIDEO 2:03)
• Mahu: Transgender Healers of Hawai'i, with Patrick Makuakane (VIDEO 5:17)

contrib. Ambrosio March 31, 2023.

The entry for We'wha has been moved to 1886.

ADDENDUM: A British-led coalition defeated the Grande Army of Napoleon Bonaparte near Waterloo in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (now Belgium.)

When Bonaparte's Imperial Guard assaulted the coalition's line and then retreated under fire, the rest of Bonapate's troops paniced and fled.

To understand how this might be significant to Leather history, read Napoleon Bonaparte's Imperial Guard in my "Marginalia on the Old Guard, Leather Traditions, and BDSM History."

SEE ALSO:

• Herold, J. Christopher, The Battle of Waterloo (New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1967)
• Howarth, David, Waterloo: Day of Battle (New York: Antheneum, 1968)
• Keegan, John, The Mask of Command (New York: Penguin, 1987)
• Lachouque, Commandant Henri, (Translated by Anne S. K. Brown), Anatomy of Glory: Napoleon and His Guard (London: Greenhill Books, 2006)
• Roberts, Andrew Napoleon and Wellington (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001)
• Sutherland, John Patrick, Men of Waterloo (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966)
• Vakesh, Steve, "Napoleon's Imperial Guard" Sun Jul 4, 2004 2:36 PM (post to mailing list quoted with the author's permission)

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 30, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Life of Charlotte Saunders Cushman (July 23, 1816 – February 18, 1876), the 19th Century stage actress famous for playing both male and female roles. She played Romeo opposite her sister Susan Webb Cushman as Juliet. Off-stage she had tempestuous love affairs with women.


contrib. Ambrosio Dec. 29, 2022.

ADDENDUM: Creation of the Berkley Horse.

According to the Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochism: The Berkley Horse is a BDSM apparatus, designed by Theresa Berkley in 1828 for erotic flagellation. She referred to it as a 'chevalet'.

For Theresa Berkley, the owner of a flagellation brothel in Charlotte Street no. 28, London, a special whipping bench is constructed which becomes generally known as the „Berkley Horse“. The original of the Berkley Horse goes to the London „Society of Arts“ after her death.

What became of the Berkley Horse is unclear. An illustration can be found in Fraxi, Pisanus (d.i. Henry Spencer Ashbee): „Index Librorum Prohibitorum: Being Notes Bio- Biblio- Icono-graphical and Critical on Curious and Uncommon Books“. Privatdruck, London 1877, but only in the original edition, not in the reprint.

CITED by DACHS:

• Noyes, John K.: „The Mastery of Submission“. Cornell University Press, Ithaca et al. 1997, p. 12ff
• Dühren, Eugen (d.i. Iwan Bloch): „Englische Sittengeschichte“. 2. veränderte edn., Louis Marcus Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1912, Vol. I, p. 431ff.
• Fraxi, Pisanus (d.i. Henry Spencer Ashbee): „Index Librorum Prohibitorum: Being Notes Bio- Biblio-Icono-graphical and Critical on Curious and Uncommon Books“. Privatdruck, London 1877

IMAGE SOURCE: Historical drawing, FAL, via Wikimedia Commons

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The Criminal Code of the United States adopts the phrase "crime against nature" to describe same-sex sex acts.

contrib. Ambrosio. September 13, 2024.

ADDENDUM:

According to the Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochism:

Theresa Berkley was owner and mistress or a high-class flagellation brothel in London in the 1820s & 1830s.

Her memories that had been announced for publication long in advance are held back by the executor of her will, Dr. Vance, and are not published even after his death. Her numerous boxes with correspondence – reported to have included very compromising letters – were probably destroyed by Vance. Nevertheless, hints towards these memories can be found sometimes; it is not clear whether they have been privately printed at some point.

• Dühren, Eugen (d.i. Iwan Bloch): „Der Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit. Ein Beitrag zur Kultur- und Sittengeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Mit besonderer Beziehung auf die Lehre von der Psychopathia sexualis“, Vol. 1 of „Studien zur Geschichte des menschlichen Geschlechtslebens“. 6. edn., Hermann Barsdorf, Berlin 1917, p. 211f.
• Hirschfeld, Magnus: „Geschlechtsanomalien und Perversionen. Ein Studienbuch für Ärzte, Juristen, Seelsorger und Pädagogen“. Nordische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt, Stockholm 1955

ADDENDUM: According to the Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochism:

The Ruthenian physician Heinrich Kaan publishes his study „Psychopathia sexualis“, in which sins of the flesh are reinterpreted as diseases of the mind. Following this initiative, other physicians and psychiatrists also begin to use medieval theological terms of disapproval like „deviation“, „aberration“, and „perversion“. Originally, these had referred to „false“ religious beliefs or heresy; now they begin to turn into (pseudo)medical concepts. The whole process is known in cultural history as the ’medicalization of sin’.

CITE:

• Kaan, H.: „Psychopathia sexualis“. L. Voss, Leipzig 1844
• Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Sexualwissenschaft heute“. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung, FEHLT 1992

ADDENDUM: As noted by -Raid- in his History of Kink on FetLife:
The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine was a magazine that ran in England from 1852 to 1879, that when in 1867 the correspondence section had been expanded, found itself full of material about the attractiveness of corsetry and cross-dressing. Content was lifted from the magazine and included in The Birchen Bouquet in 1867.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 27, 2023.

ADDENDUM: According to the Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochism:

The deeply religious French physician Bénedict-Auguste Morel holds the theory that bodily and mental degeneration are the reasons also for incorrect sexual behavior. Until Freud, this theory dominates the psychiatrists’ thinking, and is the basis for Krafft-Ebing’s theories. For the Nazis, it is one rationale for the mass murder in the name of „Rassenhygiene“ (racial hygiene).

CITE:

• Morel, Bénédict Auguste: „Traité des Dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l’espèce humaine et des causes que produisent ces variétés maladives“. J.B. Baillière, Paris 1857
• Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Sexualwissenschaft heute“. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung, FEHLT 1992
• Shorter, Edward: „A History of Psychiatry“. John Wiley, New York 1997, p. 82

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Jennie Irene Hodgers, assigned female at birth, enlists as Albert D. J. Cashier, a man, in the 95th Illinois Infantry to fight for the Union during the American Civil War. He would served in over 40 battles. His is one of between 250 and 400 documented cases of women disguising themselves as men and fighting in either side of the conflict.

After the war, Cashier would continue to live as a man. But after developing dementia in 1915, he would be sent to a mental health hospital where his biological gender was revealed and he was forced to wear a dress. The government would charge him with fraud to receive a military pension. His comrades in arms would come to his defense and he would maintain his veteran status. Upon his death in 1915, he was buried in his full uniform with full military honors. His tombstone is inscribed with his male name and military service.

SEE ALSO:

• Blanton, DeAnne, and Lauren M. Cook. They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002.
• Clausius, Gerhard P. The Little Soldier of the 95th: Albert D. J. Cashier. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984) 51, no. 4 (1958): 380-87.
• Grossman, Ron. Flashback: Union Soldier Albert Cashier, Born a Woman, Fought Valiantly as a Man in the Civil War. Chicago Tribune, August 29, 2019.
• Albert Cashier aka Jennie Hodgers on the Amerian Battlefield Trust website
• Albert D.J. Cashier on the National Museum of the United States Army website
• Albert Cashier on the National Park Service website

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 17, 2024.

SEE ALSO: "How History Keeps Ignoring James Barry" by Rebecca Ortenberg. October 20, 2020. on the Science History Institute.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

SEE ALSO: Hubert Kennedy, Ulrichs: The Life and Works of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: Pioneer of the Modern Gay Movement (Boston: Alyson, 1988), 107.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

SEE ALSO: Rictor Norton, The Myth of the Modern Homosexual: Queer History and the Search for Cultural Unity (Washington: Cassell, 1997), 67.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: As noted by -Raid- in his History of Kink on FetLife:

Debut of the first vibrator. Developed by an American physician, George Taylor, M.D., it was a large, cumbersome, steam-powered apparatus. Taylor recommended it for treatment of an illness known at the time as "female hysteria." Hysteria, from the Greek for "suffering uterus," involved anxiety, irritability, sexual fantasies, "pelvic heaviness" and "excessive" vaginal lubrication -- in other words, sexual arousal. However, since it was the Victorian era, women were not considered to be at all sexual and it was therefore deemed a disease. Physicians of that era treated hysteria by massaging sufferers' vulvas until they experienced dramatic relief through "paroxysm" (orgasm). Unfortunately, hysteria was a recurrent condition and repeated treatment was often necessary. Taylor touted his steam-driven massage device as speeding treatment while reducing physician fatigue.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 12, 2023.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Sacher-Masoch publishes his novel „Venus im Pelz“ (Venus in Furs), which becomes a bestseller.

Following this, circles of readers and fans of Sacher-Masoch form, which are the germ cell of the sadomasochistic subculture. In personal ads, too, people search for like-minded people and possible partners referring to Sacher-Masoch’s writings.

CITED by DACHS:

• Bahnen, Peter: „Zur Sozialgeschichte des Sadomasochismus“. In: „Homosexualität und Wissenschaft II“, Schwulenreferat im ASTA / FU Berlin, Verlag Rosa Winkel, Berlin 1992, pp. 11–26)
• Krafft-Ebing, Richard von „Psychopathia sexualis“, 14. Edition 1912, Reprint Matthes & Seitz Verlag 1997, p. 130

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: birth of German Decadent Author Hanns Heinz Ewers (3 November 1871 – 12 June 1943.) Ewers wrote the screen plays for important films in the early German cinema (including Der Student von Prag.) He is known today primarily for his horror fiction (such as "The Spider" and the Frank Braun trilogy) and short stories in the conte cruel genre (such as "The Execution of Damiens" and "Fairyland.")

His work features fatal men and femme fatales. It includes motifs of cross-dressing, sadism, masochism, and mutilation. Two more of his themes relevant to this timeline are therianthropy and what we would refer to today as transsexualism. He saw the two conditions as being related: In his fiction his characters occasionally have "souls" that are out of sync with their physical gender and even species.

In Vampire (translated here by Guy Endore), an Opera Diva explains her unique theory of animal magnetism.

The cat's soul in a human being longs for the tomcat. The tomcat as he is-­ with tail and paws and mustache. But here the matter becomes complicated: she docs not long for the tomcat! She is searching for the tomcat's SOUL-and this yearning is unconscious and instinctive. Her human brain docs not help her at all-on the contrary, whenever possible it will lead her astray so that in many millions of cases the poor soul docs not know at all what she is really looking for! Throughout a whole long bodily existence, she will grope in the dark, she will long and yearn and never know for what! And if by chance she finds in another human being a soul of her kind, she will be happy but without knowing why! But in most cases she, the unfortunate blind cat, will offer herself to a fox or an ape or a guinea pig! You can see it every day, in thousands of marriages.

In "The Death of Baron Jesus Maria von Friedel" (tanslated here by Joe Bandel), he describes the tragic situation of a man's masculine and femine aspects at war with each other:

I wish to assert that the psyche of any individual is not of a single sex but contains both male and female aspects. We may honor our manhood but that does not stop the feminine in us from breaking through from time to time, thank God. It is a great deficiency when this does not happen.

Even the way this feminine aspect is aroused within the Baron’s psyche in such a crude manner appears to be only a surface consideration for me. Such perceptions and feelings must be addressed as completely normal and natural.

In a thoroughly masculine body there is a psyche with pure masculine sexual feelings. I use the word psyche as a word image to make a quick point. There is also within this same body a feminine psyche that perceives and feels in a sexually feminine way. In general these feminine feelings and perceptions are not strong enough to overcome all of the inhibitions that are contrary to its expression.

The natural instinctual feelings of the male body stand in opposition to those of the female aspect and support the male psyche instead. While in theory we have both male and female aspects equally within ourselves, under normal conditions the desire of the male body for a woman remains stronger and the feminine is only a mask that shows from time to time.

In the case of Baron von Friedel I see an unusually sharp exaggeration of this classic phenomenon in a manner that I have often observed before but never in such pronounced form.

...

This reminds me amusingly enough of the old fable of Plato and the three sexes of ancient times. It puts this strange love into an entirely different light.

For the average citizen love between a man and a woman is the simplest thing in the world. But when you consider it more closely things become immensely complicated. Such as a man that feels like a woman but loves a woman and a woman that feels like a man yet loves a man!

This intricate problem resolves itself finally in the entirely natural, normal feelings of both sexes that resound within each of them. The mutual feelings are experienced as normal and only slightly tainted by a hint of inversion.

A scene in this story occurs at a meeting of Magnus Hirschfeld's Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäre Komitee.)

Ewers supported the Nazis' rise to power by writing flattering books and screen plays, but the Nazis later censored his film Hans Westmar (based on the life of Nazi martyr Horst Wessel) and banned his writings.

He was born in the same year as foundation of the German Reich and died two years before the end of World War Two when it was defeated and divided.

SEE ALSO:

• Hanns Heinz Ewers: Information on Hanns Heinz Ewers as well as his short story "Fairyland"
• Ewers, Hanns Heinz. Strange Tales translated by Stephen E. Flowers
• Translations of Hanns Heinz Ewers by Joe E. Bandel

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 7, 2023.

May 15

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

From a clause in Prussian law the paragraph § 175 enters the German Reichsstrafgesetzbuch. It says: „Unnatural sexual acts between male persons or between humans and animals are to be punished by incarceration; civil rights can also be forfeited.“ The conviction numbers under § 175 in the criminal statistics range from 300 to 700 until 1924, whereas at the end of the Weimar Republic, the numbers rose to about 800 to 1100 convictions per year.

CITED by DACHS: www.uni-wuerzburg.de/rechtsphilosophie/glaw/bv006389.html

Furthermore, according to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

At the foundation of the German Reich, only the distribution of obscene texts and pictures is made a punishable offence in the Reichsstrafgesetzbuch, article § 184.

„Obscene“ is explained as „obscenity in a sexual context that could hurt the sense of shame of normal-disposed persons“.

CITED by DACHS: Seim, Roland / Spiegel, Josef (Ed.): „Ab 18 – Zensiert, Diskutiert, Unterschlagen“. Kulturbüro Münster e.V. 1995, p. 15

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Beardsley draws numerous sadomasochistic scenes, like in 1895 a frontispiece for the flagellant’s club in London, which is said to relay to a close group in the Victorian society. In 1897, he draws „Juvenal whipping a woman“.

CITED by DACHS:

• Encyclopaedia Britannica
• Néret, Gilles „Aubrey Beardsley“, Taschen Verlag Cologne, 1998
• Dühren, Eugen (d.i. Iwan Bloch): „Englische Sittengeschichte“. 2. veränderte edn., Louis Marcus Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1912, Vol. II, p. 310ff.

Frontispiece from Earl Lavender by Aubrey Beardsley

IMAGE SOURCE: The original uploader was Nihil Kainer at German Wikipedia. - Transferred from de.wikipedia to Commons., Public Domain

"Juvenal Scourging Woman" (1896) by Aubrey Beardsley

IMAGE SOURCE: Wikiart

contrib. Ambrosio. January 2023.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Sir Richard Burton and F.F. Arbuthnot translate the „Kama Sutra“ into English for the first time. One of the numerous translation mistakes is that strokes with the Samdanschikam-(„pincer“)-technique on the breasts are described as real strokes with iron pincers instead as a hand position derived from a dance.

CITE: „Die Liebeslehren des Kama Sutra“, Unipart Verlag Stuttgart 1996

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

CORRECTION: The original version of this timeline listed the date as the "1800's." Other sources dated the Washington visit as 1886.

ADDENDUM: We'wha was an Ihamana (i.e., "Two-Spirit," a Zuni mixed-gender role for cis-gen men who perform traditional social and ceremonial female roles.) The Zuni pronouns for Lhamana are neither male or female and might be best translated into English as "they" or "them."

In 1886, We'wha was part of the Zuni delegation to Washington, D.C. where US President Grover Cleveland received We'wha as a “Zuni Princess.” (Washington society generally assumed that We'wha was a woman in the binary sense.)

It's not clear from my cursory reading that We'wha married a man in their visit to Washington or elsewhere, but that's not so say that they did not marry. This calls for further research on my part.

IMAGE SOURCE: National Archives at College Park, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

SEE ALSO:

• Two-Spirits on worldhistory.biz 11-05-201
• Celebrating the late We:wa (Video 3:38) on YouTube

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Krafft-Ebing publishes the first edition of „Psychopathia sexualis“ with a volume of 110 pages and 45 case studies. In the chapter „Parästhesie der Geschlechtsempfindung (Perversion des Geschlechtstriebs)“ (perversion of the sexual drive) on pp. 34-56, Krafft-Ebing discusses the heterosexual deviations from the norm. „As perverted has to be declared every expression of sexual drive that does not comply to the aims of nature, e.g. procreation.“ (p. 35) What he later refers to as „sadism“ and „masochism“ is described here as „1) murder for lust and related appearances, (lust, potentiated by cruelty, lust for murder up to anthropophagy“.

Von Krafft-Ebing does not offer a theory for the origins of those sexual deviations. „An ugly phenomenon „, he writes, „which we shall remind even here in the appendix, is the paedicatio mulierum, depending on circumstances uxorum (anal sex with women, depending on circumstances even with wifes, translation K.P.). Libertines perform it for titillation on inexpensive prostitutes or on their wives. (...) Sometimes the fear of further insemination can make the man pursue this action, and cause the wife to tolerate it!“ (p. 107)

CITE: von Krafft-Ebing, Richard: „Psychopathia Sexualis. Eine klinisch-forensische Studie“. 1. edn., Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1886

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

In his essay „Le Fetichisme dans l’amour“, the French psychologist Alfred Binet uses the expression „fetishism“ for the first time in its modern meaning.

The concept of erotic fetishism is taken up later by von Krafft-Ebing and others.

CITE: Steele, Valerie: „Fetish – Fashion, Sex and Power“. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996 contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The first known use of the term "heterosexual" in the U.S. appears in the Chicago Medical Recorder.

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 13, 2024

ADDENDUM: Nikola Tesla introduces the predecessor of the Violet Wand, the Violet Ray, as a medical device at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

IMAGE SOURCE: TIME Magazine cover, 20 July 1931. Public Domain,
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The poem "Two Loves" by Lord Alfred Douglas (Oscar Wide's lover) appears in the Oxford magazine The Chameleon in December 1894. The last line of the poem contains the phrase "the love that dare not speak its name." That phrase and its meaning are to figure prominently in the trail of Oscar Wilde in the following year.


IMAGE SOURCE: AZ Quotes
I am the Love that dare not speak its name. - Lord Alfred Bruce Douglas

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: At the trial, Wilde was asked to explain the meaning of the phrase "the love that dare not speak its name." (It had appeared in Lord Alfred Douglas' poem "Two Loves" which was published in December 1894.) Wilde responded:

It is that deep spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect. It dictates and pervades great works of art, like those of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and those two letters of mine, such as they are. It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as "the love that dares not speak its name," and on that account of it, I am placed where I am now. It is beautiful; it is fine; it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. That it should be so the world does not understand. The world mocks at it and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

The British physician and essayist Henry Havelock Ellis is born in Croydon. Between 1897 und 1928, Ellis publishes the „Studies in the Psychology of Sex“ in seven volumes. He discerns that sadism and masochism are no contraries, and that the pleasure of both variants is limited to the sexual context. In England his works are forbidden until 1935. In his autobiography, he writes about his own urophilia (usage of urine in sexual context) and declares, „It proved of immense benefit to me, for it was the germ of a perversion and it enabled me to understand sympathetically the nature of perversions.“

CITE:

• Encyclopaedia Britannica
• Grosskurth, Phyllis: „Havelock Ellis: A biography“. New York, Alfred Knopf, 1980, p. 284.
• Ellis, Havelock: „My Life“, London, Spearman 1967 (orig. 1939), p. 68ff.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)": Magnus Hirschfeld establishes the „Wissenschaftlich-humanitäre Komitee“ (scientific-humanitarian committee) with the aim to support scientific research on sexuality.
CITED by DACHS:

• Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Die Sexualität des Menschen“. 2. erweiterte edn., de Gruyter, Berlin 1985, p. 513
• www.gaystation.de

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM:

The universe appears to me like an immense, inexorable torture-garden. Passions, greed, hatred, and lies; law, social institutions, justice, love, glory, heroism, and religion: these are its monstrous flowers and its hideous instruments of eternal human suffering.

~ Octave Mirbeau

IMAGE SOURCE: Byron's Muse on wordpress.com: Torture Garden
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM:

He'd line up to the bar and take his whisky like any veteran, and didn't make faces over it, either. If he was a woman he ought to have been born a man, for he lived and looked like one. said one colleague to the New York Times.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

CORRECTION: The letter quoted here was published in Die Ziet in 1903. In earlier versions of this timeline, the date for this letter was given as April 9, 1935. That was actually the date for a private letter he wrote to an American mother who was concerned about her son's Homosexuality.

ADDENDUM: For a longer quote from the letter published in Die Ziet and for the text of the complete letter he sent to an American mother (as well as a third letter on the same topic he wrote in 1938) visit Three Letters on Homosexuality written by Sigmund Freud.


contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

In „Neue Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit“ (New research on the Marquis de Sade and his time), Iwan Bloch publishes – under the pseudonym Eugen Dühren – the manuscript of the „120 Days of Sodom“, which had been reported lost for a long time. Bloch had found and bought the manuscript at a French antique dealer.

CITE: Dühren, Eugen (d.i. Iwan Bloch): „Neue Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sexualphilosophie de Sade’s auf Grund des neu entdeckten Original-Manuskriptes seines Hauptwerkes „Die 120 Tage von Sodom“. Mit mehreren bisher unveröffentlichten Briefen und Fragmenten“. Max Harrwitz, Berlin 1904
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Freud publishes his „Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie“ (Three Essays on the Theory of Sex). In this work he describes the „normal“ development of human sexuality as well as the „perversions“, i.e., behaviors which do not correspond to the norm. His theory is based on the doctrine of psychoanalysis (i.e., examination of the mind or soul). According to Freud, the „sex drive“ undergoes a process of „maturation“ in which various „partial drives“ become subordinated to the goal of mature „genitality“. The three main phases of his process are: 1. Oral phase, 2. anal phase, 3. phallic phase. In late childhood there also is a „latency phase“ in which the sex drive lies dormant until it reawakens during puberty. Sadism and masochism are described as disorders that result from an incorrect development in the early childhood psyche.

Psychoanalysis becomes the dominant theory in Western psychiatry for the following 60 years. This is unfortunate as far as it concerns research on sadomasochism, as much of this research until the late 20th century is done by psychoanalysts who usually base their theories on the personal history of one or two patients instead of doing research on larger populations.

CITED by DACHS:

• Freud, Sigmund: „Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie“. Deuticke, Leipzig u.a. 1905
• Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Sexualwissenschaft heute“. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung, FEHLT 1992

In the Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie, Freud adopted Krafft-Ebing's terminology for Masochism and Sadism. Freud believed an intrinsic connection existed between the two. In fact they were the active and passive aspects of the same perversion. Masochism was the passive aspect and common in women while sadism was the active aspect and common in men.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)": The French author and translator Anne Declos (alias Pauline Réage, alias Dominique Aury), author of „The Story of O“, is born in Rochefort-sur-Mer.

CITE:

• Wetzstein, Thomas A. / Steinmetz, Linda / Reis, Christa / Eckert, Roland: „Sadomasochismus – Szenen und Rituale“. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1993
• „The Unmasking of O“, John De St. Jorre, The New Yorker, August 1, 1994

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Freud introduced his theory of Penis Envy (Penisneid) in the 1908 article "On the Sexual Theories of Children." He postulates that during their psychosexual development, girls will experience anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis.

contrib. Ambrosio March 1, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Samuel M. Steward recounts an encounter with Steve Masters in "Dr Kinsey Takes a Peek at S/M: A Reminiscence" in Thompson, Mark (editor). 1991. Leatherfolk -- Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice. 1st ed. Boston: Alyson Books.
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Sigmund Freud writes an essay entitled "Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood" in which he psychoanalyses the long dead artist based on a translation of one of Leonardo's notebooks. The translation reads It comes to my mind as a very early memory, when I was still in the cradle, a vulture came down to me, he opened my mouth with his tail and struck me a few times with his tail against my lips. Freud concludes that the artist was gay, but celibate. Freud bases his conclusion Egyptian mythology and an unfortunately mistranslation. The source that he read identified the bird as a vulture, but it was actully a kite. Freud was disappointed when the mistake was recognized. He complained that the essay was "the only beautiful thing I have ever written".

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022. Revised Sept. 2024

ADDENDUM: The term is "sworn virgins." The Albanian word is burrnesha.

SEE ALSO:

• National Geographic: Sworn Virgins (Video 3:52)
• ITV News: The ‘sworn virgins’ of Albania: Women who have lived their whole lives as men (Video 2:21)
• BBC World Service: The Sworn Virgins of Albania: The end of an ancient tradition (Video 23:05)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: From the History of the Leather Bomber Jacket on AmericanMystique.com: According to The Black Leather Jacket, by Mick Farren, German fighter pilots were the first people to wear leather bomber jackets as a part of their military uniform. This layer of protective outerwear kept them warm in the cold cockpits of their planes.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

SEE ALSO: Scenes from: Different from the Others / Anders als die Andern (1919) (VIDEO 2:51) from The UCLA Film & Television Archive channel on YouTube

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Sigmund Freud publishes his essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle. In it, Freud elaborates on sadism, masochism, and thantos (the death wish.)

He also references the passage in Plato's The Symposium in which Aristophanes explains how mankind originally consisted of three genders (i.e., male, female, and androgynous) and that humans are driven to reproduce in order to join together the sexes after Zeus had split them apart.

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 12, 2022.
revised Feb. 27, 2023

ADDENDUM: Publication of the first edition of Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics, and at Home by Emily Post. It becomes the definitive guide to etiquette among polite society in early 20th century America. Today, some authorities in the Leather community revere this edition as an essential authority on Leather protocol (something I don't see.)

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 12, 2022.

ADDENDUM: New York authorities arrested the producer and 12 member cast of an English language Broadway production of Sholem Asch's God of Vengeance (Got fun nekome) on obscenity charges. The play's offences included a romance between two women and the desecration of a Torah scroll. As a result of the conviction, the production closed.

CITE: Ted Merwin "An Obscenely Relevant Play," Jewish Telegraphic Agency. February 17, 2016

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 17, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Psychoanalyst Marie Bonaparte, decides that the cause of her inability to experience orgasm is that her clitoris was too far away from her vagina to be stimulated during coitus. She writes:

It then occurred to me that where, in certain women, this gap was excessive, and clitoral fixation obdurate, a clitoral-vaginal reconciliation might be effected by surgical means, which would then benefit the normal erotic function. Professor Halban, of Vienna, as much a biologist as surgeon, became interested in the problem and worked out a simple operative technique. In this, the suspensory ligament of the clitoris was severed and the clitoris secured to the underlying structures, thus fixing it in a lower position, with eventual reduction of the labia minora.

The results of the surgery are disappointing.

contrib. Ambrosio March 1, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Chapter IV (Homosexuality) of The Doctor Looks at Love and Life reads in part:

It is impossible to make the average American believe that Homosexuality is not necessarily a vice, or that its possessor is not what is called a degenerate. It may be a vice and the posessor of it may be immoral or unmoral, but the majority of homosexuals, male and female, are not degenerates, to use that word in its colloquial sense. Genuine Homosexuality is not a vice, it is an endowment. Three human beings or thereabouts ; out of every hundred are born that way. My experience does not agree with that of Forel and other European psychiatrists that homosexual love is pathological in nature and that all its victims are in a more or less marked degree psychopaths or neurotics. Forel’s opinion is a reflection of his enormous asylum experience. Mine is largely of private practice. I have known many well-balanced homosexuals of both sexes. Some of them have made distinctive positions for themselves in various fields of activity from arms to the pulpit. Strangely enough, they do not seem to go in for sculpture and painting as they do for teaching and writing. As a rule, they are persons of taste, refinement and sensibility. Many of them seek aid to be relieved of a burden which they find intolerable; if they attempt to deliver it in the way nature suggests to them, the State puts them into prison. It is not the fear of punishment that deters many of them; it is the unwillingness to accept abnormality.

....

It is unnecessary to say that their claim has no justification. They are not nature’s elect, but deviates who will one day diappear from the world when we shall have guessed the last riddle of the sympathetic nervous system and the ductless glands.

....

We are shorter of tolerance in this country than of any other virtue. I am by no means sanguine that the shortage will be overcome in our generation or that of our children. The truth is, it is a deficit rather than a shortage. We have always had it and by “we” I mean the majority who condemn and vote. We must foster our own tolerance through understanding which will give us a more enlightened viewpoint of the abnormality under discussion though it may not render the abnormal person, particularly in his arrogance, any more agreeable to us.

....

I have but small hope that I shall be able to convince the majority of my readers that umings are not monsters in human form whose salutations should be met with sneers and overtures to friendship with a kick; nevertheless, in view of the fact that my experience has taught me that they are not necessarily morbid or mad, and that many of them suffer through their sex-allotment, I construe it to be my duty to interpret them as it is society’s duty to understand them.

They are the most to be pitied of all of nature’s misfits. They live in a state of constant fear; fear that their secret will be guessed; fear that they will become the prey of blackmailers; fear that they will fall into the clutches of the law. They are constantly between the devil and the deep sea; tormented by desires that will neither be subdued nor sublimated and unable to obtain even vicarious appeasement. To get that for which their nature clamors they must, as a rule, go furtively beyond their own social and cultural circles, and they must forsake their souls for they put themselves into another’s power. Small wonder that many of them essay a certain speciousness to conceal their self-consciousness and feeling of guilt. Others, intolerant of their endowment and ever conscious of the conflict that it imposes, take their own lives. They merit our prayers. Only those who contend that it is a patency of distinction and a badge of cultural efficiency deserve our contempt. The individual who acquires Homosexuality should be dealt with either as a criminal or as an invalid, depending upon the state of his mental health.

CITE: Google Books: The Doctor Looks at Love and Life By Joseph Collins · 1926

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

SEE ALSO:

• Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998). Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia. New York, Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-3629-6 (as cited by A Timeline of LGBTQQI History - San Mateo County Health)
• Henry Gerber: The gay rights pioneer you probably never heard of. The Dallas Voice. Feb 17, 2015.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Blues singer Ma Rainey is arrested in her house in Harlem for having a lesbian party. Her protégé, Bessie Smith, bails her out of jail the following morning. Rainey and Smith were part of an extensive circle of lesbian and bisexual African-American women in Harlem.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Mishima experienced his first orgasm at the age of 12, when he looked at a picture of St. Sebastian tied up and pierced by arrows. His fetishes were male underarm hair, sweat and white gloves. His biggest wish was to die a preferably bloody and painful death. In 1970, he sliced his stomach in the ancient ritual of Seppuku – or Harakiri – and was then decapitated by one of his followers, who committed suicide after that.

CITE: Wallace, Irving u.a.: „Rowohlts indiskrete Liste. Von Kleopatra bis Elvis Presley. Ehen, Verhältnisse, Amouren und Affären berühmter Frauen und Männer“, Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg 1981
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

SEE ALSO:

• Frank Kameny & the Necessity of Free Speech (VIDEO 2:20)
• Frank Kameny’s Orderly, Square Gay-Rights Activism by Caleb Crain. June 22, 2020. In the New Yorker

IMAGE SOURCE: PBS

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 3, 2023.

CORRECTION: According to Gary Ewer, the man behind both Luger and Colt wasn't Roy Dean, but was Jim French (photographer, July 14, 1932 – June 16, 2017) . Additionally, Luger was spelled with an "e" (not an "a.")

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Manhattan raincoat maker Irving Schott makes the Perfecto, the first motorcycle jacket for Harley Davidson. Unlike the button up Aviator jackets before it, the Perfecto was shorter and closed by zipper.

CITE: "History of the Leather Bomber Jacket" on AmericanMystique.com

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM:

You're neither unnatural, nor abominable, nor mad; you're as much a part of what people call nature as anyone else; only you're unexplained as yet -- you've not got your niche in creation.

~ Radclyffe Hall, The Well of Loneliness, 1928


A great many women can feel and behave like men. Very few of them can behave like gentlemen. ~ Radclyffe Hall
Image Source: AZ Quotes

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

The Reichstagsausschuß (Reichstag committee) sets up a draft for a change of the criminal laws – conducted by the „scientific-humanitarian committee“ around Magnus Hirschfeld – according to which the consensual homosexual act between two adult men should no longer be a crime. The communists should assure a small majority for the bill, but before the Reichstag could pass the bill, the New Yorker stock market crash causes the debate to be postponed indefinitely. Forty years go by until this reform is finally passed.

CITED by DACHS: Isherwood, Christopher „Christopher und die Seinen“, Bruno Gmünder Verlag 1972, p. 24f.
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The publication of the Emotions of Normal People by Dr. William Moulton Marston. In this book, he sought to divide human behavior into "Motivational impulses" --- four elementary behavior units: dominance, compliance, submission, and inducement. His theories were adapted by later psychologists into what is now know as the D.i.S.C. theory.

Marston would figure in the development of the lie detector. And in the 1940s he would co-create the superheroine Wonder Woman.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)": cites Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Sexualwissenschaft heute“. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung, FEHLT 1992 as the primary source for the corresponding entry.
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The newly enacted Hollywood Production Code bans any references to homosexuality in American films.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Magnus Hirschfeld lectures at various American medical facilities and organizations and calls for decriminalizing same-sex sex acts.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

A Nazi squad plunders Magnus Hirschfeld’s Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexology) in Berlin. A part of the specialist library with 12.000 volumes is burned publicly on May 11, 1933 at the Opernplatz.

Among the institute’s exhibits there were „whips, chains and instruments of torture, which were meant for the practicing pain lover“. Although a part of the material was probably brought into safety before this, the library and the irreplaceable collections and archives of the institute have been declared lost after much research. Hirschfeld’s attempt to establish another, smaller institute in the Parisian exile fails.

CITED by DACHS:

• Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Sexualwissenschaft heute“. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung, FEHLT 1992
• Isherwood, Christopher „Christopher und die Seinen“, Bruno Gmünder Verlag 1972, p. 21f.) (me.in-berlin.de/~hirschfeld/wash_dt.html

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: In New York City, the Committee for the Study of Sex Variants is founded with the goal to correlate the various scientific interests in the field of sex study and to serve as a scientific agency for the furtherance of research on sex variation.

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 13, 2024.

CORRECTION: In earlier versions of this timeline, the following letter was confused with a letter Freud sent to Die Zeit in which he wrote I am of the firm conviction that homosexuals must not be treated as sick people. That letter was published on October 27, 1903.

ADDENDUM: In a letter he composed on April 9, 1935 (but which was not published until 1951), Sigmund Freud replied to a concerned American mother about the topic of Homosexuality. For the text of both letters (as well as a third he wrote in 1938), read Three Letters on Homosexuality written by Sigmund Freud.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: In Japan, Sade Abe kills her lover by erotic asphyxiation and cuts off his penis and testicles -- which she kept with her while she wandered through Tokyo for three days. After her capture, she explained that she murdered him out of love and a desire to possess him totally and exclusively. The crime was a media sensation. There was a lot of sympathy for her, and she has since become a cultural icon of sorts.

The photograph shows her with police shortly after her capture.

Japanese filmakers have made at least three films about her:

• A Woman Called Sada Abe (1975)
• In the Realm of the Senses (1976)
• Sada (1998)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: In No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States, Allan M. Brandt writes by the end of 1938, twenty-six states had enacted provisions prohibiting the marriage of infected individuals.

In Taking the Venereal Out of Venereal Disease: The 1930s Public Health Campaign against Syphilis and Gonorrh, Erin Wuebker writes:

By 1944, thirty states had passed laws mandating pre-marital and pre-natal syphilis testing. As a result, the first mass blood testing Americans ever underwent was for syphilis as they applied for marriage licenses or prepared for the birth of a child.

There was not only a new openness about discussing VD control, but also changed attitudes specifically about the role of the state in developing a more robust public health program. Gallup Polls in the 1930s and 1940s revealed that large majorities of Americans (70-92%) were supportive of the premarital testing laws, government clinics and education, free testing for anyone regardless of income, and massive appropriations to make public health programs possible. In 1938, Congress unanimously passed the National Venereal Disease Control Act, appropriating up to $3,000,000 for anti-VD public health measures, increasing funding each year, no small feat during the Great Depression. By the 1940s, the federal government was spending over $10,000,000 each year on these efforts targeting civilians in addition to the money spent to educate, test, and treat servicemen. Many states matched or superseded federal funding to help develop their programs. With these appropriations, hundreds of clinics were opened, millions of free tests and treatment injections were provided to citizens, and educational efforts expanded.

SEE ALSO: Buckles, Kasey S., Guldi, Melanie, and Joseph Price. "Changing the Price of Marriage: Evidence from Blood Test Requirements." NBER.org. National Bureau Of Economic Research, Accessed December 1, 2022. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w15161/w15161.pdf.

IMAGE SOURCE: US Government Poster, 1940 (Image via American Social Health Association Records)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Sigmund Freud wrote the third of three letters on the topic of homosexuality.

contrib. Ambrosio. Summer 2024

UPATE: The U.S. senator was David Ignatius Walsh from Massachusetts. He was gay, but the news story published by the New York Post claiming any involvement with the house was disproven by Hugh Ryan in the book When Brooklyn Was Queer in 2019.

SEE ALSO:

• Ryan, Hugh. 2020. When Brooklyn Was Queer. 1st ed. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. http://www.hughryan.org/when-brooklyn-was-queer.
• "David Walsh, the Gay Senator Who Never Visited a Nazi Spy Brothel in Brooklyn." New England Historical Society.Com. New England Historical Society, Accessed January 19, 2023. https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/david-walsh-the-gay-senator-who-never-visited-a-nazi-spy-brothel-in-brooklyn/.
• Kirchick, J. (2022, June 15). How World War II Led to Washington’s First Outing. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2022/06/15/senator-x-excerpt/

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 19, 2023.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

The first issue of the bondage magazine „Bizarre“, which is edited by John Willie, is published. It carries the issue number 2, the number of printed copies is approx. 5000, and it costs 25 US-Cents.

In 1939, Willie had the gally proof for issue number 1 already submitted to a London print office, where they were obviously lost during the war. For #2, he rebuilt the gally proofs from memory. In 26 volumes of Bizarre with in whole about 1.600 pages, figures like „Sweet Gwendoline“ come to existence until 1959, which have an important influence onto the later heterosexual subculture. The volumes include a large number of letters to the editor, in which themes like bondage, fetishism, and dominance/submission games are discussed. Issue 1 is published only in 1954, after issue 13.

CITED by DACHS:

• „The Complete Reprint of John Willie´s Bizarre“, Taschen Verlag Cologne 1995, p. 10
• Bienvenu II, Robert V.: „The Development of Sadomasochism as a Cultural Style in the Twentieth-Century United States“. Dissertation, Indiana University 1998, www.americanfetish.net, p. 95ff. and passim

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: A "Lisa Ben" publishes Vice Versa, the first known lesbian newsletter.

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 13, 2024.

ADDENDUM: The "Hollister Riot" (as it became known) was covered in the July 21st 1947 issue of LIFE Magazine which popularized the image of the "Outlaw Biker" and became the inspiration for the film The Wild One.



This photograph is Eddie Davenport on a motorcycle, with August 'Gus' Deserpa standing behind, in Hollister, California on July 7, 1947, by photographer Barney Petersen of the San Francisco Chronicle. (The scene might have been staged for the camera.)

IMAGE SOURCE: Wikipedia

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: One of the report's findings is that among men "only 50 percent of the adult population is exclusively heterosexual throughout its adult life." Other finding include 12 percent of female and 22 percent of male respondents experience erotic responses to sadomasochistic stories. Also 55 percent of females and 50 percent of males responded sexually to being bitten.

CITE: Kinsey, Alfred C., Pomeroy, Wardell B., and Clyde E. Martin. 1948. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. 1st ed. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. p. 656. ISBN 978-0-253-01923-3. OCLC 606987885.

contrib. Ambrosio Dec. 31, 2022.

ADDENDUM: Dr. Charles Mayo Goss, one of the editors of Gray's Anatomy choose to erase the clitoris from an illustration in the 25th edition of that book. Apparently no one noticed or complained.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 10. 2023.

ADDENDUM: In story "Between Two Worlds" in the comic book, Venus Number 2, a jealous secretary pays two men $100 to spank her after the failure of her unscrupulous plan to ruin her boss's romantic interest in the comic book's titular character.

Stan Lee is the editor for Venus, but it's not clear whether he is the author as well. The artist (pencils and inks) is George Klein.

contrib. Ambrosio Dec. 2022.

ADDENDUM: Samuel M. Steward recounts this in "Dr Kinsey Takes a Peek at S/M: A Reminiscence" in Thompson, Mark (editor). 1991. Leatherfolk -- Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice. 1st ed. Boston: Alyson Books. pp. 81–90.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The U.S. State Department fires 91 homosexuals on the grounds that they were threats to national security. Congressional committees study the risks poised for months but find no cases in which gay men or lesbians revealed state secrets.

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 13, 2024

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)": This right is still not included in the Human Rights Declaration of the UNO (as of 2001).
CITED by DACHS: Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Sexualwissenschaft heute“. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung, FEHLT 1992
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

In 1968, the American psycho-biologists Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach publish „Patterns of Sexual Behavior“. The German edition is published in 1968 at Rowohlt in the series „rororo sexologie“, which was edited by Hans Giese, as „Formen der Sexualität. Das Sexualverhalten bei Mensch und Tier“. The authors compare the sexual behavior of 190 different societies and of animals to find out which kinds of human sexual behavior are the result of collective learning, and which are the result of biological dispositions. The chapter „Schmerzhafte sexuelle Stimulation“ (Painful sexual stimulation) holds some interesting theories about sadomasochism, which were barely pursued since then.

CITED by DACHS:

• Ford, Clellan S. / Beach, Frank A.: „Patterns of Sexual Behavior“. Harper & Brothers, New York 1951
• Ford, Clellan S. / Beach, Frank A.: „Das Sexualverhalten von Mensch und Tier“. Kraemer & Hansen GmbH, Osnabrück 1954

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Publication The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach by Edward Sagarin writing under the pseudonym of Donald Webster Cory.

contrib. Ambrosio Sept. 29, 2024

ADDENDUM: The California Supreme Court upholds the rights of bars to serve homosexuals in the case of Stoumen v. Reilly.


contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 13, 2024.

SEE ALSO:

• Elaine J. Hom. Alan Turing Biography: Computer Pioneer, Gay Icon. June 23, 2013. livescience.com
• Prof Jack Copeland. Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'. June 19, 2012. BBC.com

contrib. Zeitgeist46 Feb. 18, 2023.

ADDENDUM: The American Psychiatric Association (APA) publishes the first edition of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (DSM-I.) The DSM became the first official manual and glossary of mental disorders with a focus on clinical use. The manual classified Homosexualiy and “sexual sadism” (along with transvestism, pedophilia, fetishism) as “sexual deviations” within within the larger "sociopathic personality disturbance" category of personality disorders.

SEE ALSO: A Brief History of Homosexuality and Sadomasochism in the DSM

contrib. Ambrosio Sept. 29, 2024

ADDENDUM: Harry Benjamin defined transvestites as heterosexual men who derived sexual pleasure from dressing in women’s clothing but who did not wish to become women.

He was born in Berlin, Germany in January 12, 1885. He earned a medical degree in 1912 from the University of Tübingen. He moved to New York in 1913. In 1966, he wrote The Transexual Phenomenon in which he states:

Intersexes exist, in body as well as in mind. I have seen too many transsexual patients to let their picture and their suffering be obscured by uninformed albeit honest opposition. Furthermore, I felt that after fifty years in the practice of medicine, and in the evening of life, I need not be too concerned with a disapproval that touches much more on morals than on science.

Also in 1966, he helped open the first sex reassignment clinic in the United States at Johns Hopkins University.

SEE ALSO:

• Smith, Laura. "This Doctor Was an Early Champion of Transgender People, and even Helped the SFPD Understand Them." Timeline.Com. August 11, 2017. https://timeline.com/harry-benjamin-transgender-champion-4e2f401e062f.
• Schilt, Kristen. "Harry Benjamin: American Endocrinologist and Sexologist." Britannica.Com. January 8, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harry-Benjamin.
• Williams, Cristan. "1966: Intro to Transsexual Phenomena, Harry Benjamin" Cristen's Research. March 14, 2012. https://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/14/1966-intro-to-transsexual-phenomena-harry-benjamin/.

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 20, 2023.

ADDENDUM: It is Executive Order 10450.

In TIME magazine, Omar G. Encarnación writes:

LGBTQ Americans are still waiting for an acknowledgement from the Lavender Scare, a mid-century witch hunt of federal workers suspected of being homosexual triggered by President Dwight Eisenhower’s 1953 Executive Order 10450 banning “perverts” from working in the federal employment. It resulted in thousands of homosexuals or suspected homosexuals losing their careers in the federal government, with some confined to mental institutions, especially Washington DC’s St. Elizabeths Hospital, to undergo traumatic treatments such as lobotomies to eradicate same-sex attraction.

CITE: Encarnación, Omar G. "Florida's 'Don't Say Gay' Bill Is Part of the State's Long, Shameful History." Time (New York City), May 12, 2022. https://time.com/6176224/florida-dont-say-gay-history-lgbtq-rights/.

SEE ALSO:

• The History You Didn't Learn: The Lavender Scare (VIDEO 9:50) from TIME on YouTube
• Johnson, David K., 2006 The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. 1st ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• LGBTQ People Suffered Traumatic Treatments at St. Elizabeths Hospital for the Mentally Ill by Andrew Giambrone in the May 31st, 2018 issue of the Washington Citypaper.
• Offical Website for The Lavender Scare Documentary
• "LGBTQ Persecution in the United States - Lavender Scare DOCUMENTARY". The Cold War. June 14, 2022. Video, https://youtu.be/dJhfEbmTfg0. (YouTube Video)
• "The Lavender Scare." CBS Sunday Morning. June 14, 2020. Video, https://youtu.be/dJhfEbmTfg0.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The Cinema Bar on Melrose in Los Angles opens in or by 1953. It is recognized as the first documented gay bar catering to leather/biker patrons.

CITE: Exploring the Leather Community on cmen.org

SEE ALSO:

• Magister, Thom (2004). "One among many: The seduction and training of a leatherman". In Thompson, Mark (ed.). Leather folk: radical sex, people, politics, and practice. Los Angeles: Daedalus Publishing Company. pp. 91–105. ISBN 978-1-881943-20-4.
• Stein, David (2016). "From S&M to M/s: How consensual slavery became visible in the gay leather community, 1950 to 1999". Our lives, our history: consensual master/slave relationships from ancient times to the 21st century. New York, NY: Perfectbound Press. ISBN 978-0-9910483-5-9.
• Gay leather bars on cuirmale.nl

contrib. Ambrosio July 5, 2024.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Under the pseudonym Pauline Réage, the „Story of O“ is published in France by Jean-Jacques Pauvert in a run of 600 exemplars, some of them with a small lithography of the Austrian Hans Bellmer at the front page.

In 1955, the book wins the French literary award Deux Magots. The „Story of O“ becomes one of the vital impacts on heterosexual and lesbian subcultures in all Western countries. The German edition is indexed various times by the BPjS between 1967 and 1982. In Great Britain, a legal edition is in trade since 1970.

CITED by DACHS:

• Réage, Pauline: „Histoire d’O“. Jean-Jacques Pauvert, Sceaux 1954
• Wetzstein, Thomas A. / Steinmetz, Linda / Reis, Christa / Eckert, Roland: „Sadomasochismus – Szenen und Rituale“. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1993
• homepages.wyenet.co.uk/sprince/corridors.html
• für jugendgefährdende Schriften, Bundesprüfstelle (Ed.): „Gesamtverzeichnis indizierter Bücher, Taschenbücher, Broschüren und Comics“ 1993, p. 31

Story of O is a fairy tale for another world, a world where some part of me lived for a long time, a world that no longer exists except between the covers of a book. ~ Anne Desclos


contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

In the movie „The Wild One“, actor Marlon Brando wears a black leather jacket and thus becomes the archetype of the maladjusted motorbike rocker.

The movie is forbidden in Great Britain until 1967. In its wake, black leather becomes the symbol for rebellion and being an outsider in the whole cultural sphere of influence of the USA. From the motorbike outfits of the Old Guard, the connection between black leather and sadomasochism evolves.

CITED by DACHS: Farren, Mick „The black leather jacket“ Abbeville Press New York 1985

SEE ALSO: Old Guard? If You Say So by Joseph W. Bean for a more in depth look at the film's significance to Leather culture.


contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Rinehart & Company, Inc. publishes Seduction of the Innocent, a book by German-born American psychiatrist Fredric Wertham. It is a critique of the comic book industry and its alleged negative effects on children. Wertham argued that comic books, particularly those featuring crime and horror themes, were responsible for juvenile delinquency and indoctrinated children into sadism, fascism, and homosexuality. After the publication of the book, Wertham appeared before the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency chaired by Senator Estes Kefauver. The hearing was broadcast on television and received media attention. In the months following, 15 comic book publishers went out of business and the industry adopted the Comics Code Authority, a self-regulatory organization widely blamed for a period of creative stagnation for the industry.

SEE ALSO: Dr. Fedric Wertham and the "Seduction of the Innocent"

contrib. Ambrosio April 23, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Bad boy film star James Dean appears in a black leather motorcycle jacket in the film Rebel Without a Cause (1955.)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Under the pseudonym Jean de Berg, Jeanne de Berg publishes the sadomasochistic novel „The Picture“ (L’Image), which was dedicated to Pauline Réage.

For a long time, her husband Alain Robbe-Grillet is thought to be the author.

CITED by DACHS: Süddeutsche Zeitung, April 29, 1995

Both Jean de Berg and Jeanne de Berg are pseudonyms for Catherine Robbe-Grillet. She is married to the novelist Alain Robbe-Grillet (August 18, 1922 - February 18, 2008.)

L’Image was adapted as a motion picture in 1975.

Catherine Robbe-Grillet would become the subject of two short films, The Contract (Kontraktet) and The Five Senses, in 2010 and a longer documentary, The Ceremony (La cérémonie), in 2014.

She wrote the screenplay for the short film Diner Noir Istanbul released in 2015.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The official title was the Report of the board appointed to prepare and submit recommendations to the Secretary of the Navy for the revision of policies, procedures, and directives dealing with homosexuals The board was chaired by Navy Captain S.H. Crittenden, Jr.

SEE ALSO:

• "History Repeating Itself: A Historical Overview of Gay Men and Lesbians in the Military before 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'," by Timothy Haggerty, in Belkin, Aaron, and Geoffrey Bateman, eds. 2003. Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Debating the Gay Ban in the Military. 1st ed. Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner.
• Bérubé, Allan. 1990. Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two. 1st ed. New York City: Free Press.
• Gibson, E. Lawrence. 1978. Get Off My Ship: Ensign Berg Vs. the U.S. Navy. 1st ed. New York City: Avon.
• Johnson, David K, 2006 The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. 1st ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Terry, Jennifer. 1999. An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society. 1st ed. Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press.

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 20, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Dr. Evelyn Hooker published the results of her study comparing the happiness and well-adjusted nature of 30 self-identified homosexual men with 30 heterosexual men. Her results suggested that homosexuals and heterosexual were equally psychologically normal.

CITE: Hooker, E. (1957). "The adjustment of the male overt homosexual". Journal of Projective Techniques, 21, 18-31.

SEE ALSO:

• Wyatt-Nichol, Heather. "Sexual Orientation And Mental Health: Incremental Progression Or Radical Change?" Journal of Health and Human Services Administration. 37, no. 2 (Fall 2014) (2014): 225-241. (17 pages)
• Being Gay Is Just as Healthy as Being Straight. APA.Org. American Psychological Association, May 28, 2003.
• Bohan, J. S. 1996. Psychology and Sexual Orientation: Coming to Terms. 1st ed. New York: Routledge.

contrib. Ambrosio Dec. 31, 2022.

SEE ALSO: The report was covered (in passing) in at least two magazine articles over the next decade.

• Life Magazine Looks at Homosexuality (1964)
• Time Magazine Looks at Homosexuality (1966)

contrib. Ambrosio November 6, 2023.

ADDENDUM: In One, Inc. v. Olesen, 241 F.2d 772 (9th Cir. 1957), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a magazine published for a homosexual audience was obscene and was therefore not constitutionally protected under the First Amendment rights of free speech and press. .... The next year, in One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958), the Supreme Court reversed the circuit court opinion, merely citing its ruling in Roth as the reason for its decision. CITE: One, Inc. v. Olesen (9th Cir.) (1957) by Susan Gluck Mezey

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)": Eric Stanton shares a studio with the Spiderman painter Steve Ditko. Stanton’s S&M paintings are hand-colored by Ditko.⁽¹⁾

(The words "painter," "paintings, and "hand-colored" are likely mistranslations. The authors of Datenschlag probably meant that Stanton's pencils were inked by Ditko.)

It's been widely accepted by comic book aficionados that Steve Ditko contributed to many of the drawings credited to Eric Stanton (presumably by inking Stanton's pencils.) Ditko's distinctive style is immediately recognizable and impossible to miss.

(The first time I saw a reprint of a Stanton comic, I assumed the artist was Steve Ditko moonlighting under a pseudonym. I thought so for several years before learning Eric Stanton was a real person.)

Stanton confirmed in interviews that Ditko contributed to his "Stantoons."

We put in lots of hours. There were times he would spend twenty hours straight doing a comic. Neither of us were making much money. Ditko would ink for me. He inked "Confidential T.V." for me. I like to draw. I'm too impatient to ink. He was a better inker so I let him ink. He thought my stuff was funny. We'd laugh a lot.⁽²⁾

Ditko admitted in general to assisting colleagues with their deadlines. But when asked by fans and fellow artists about contributing specifically to the bondage themed cartoons, he never confirmed it.⁽³⁾ He would either deny it outright when asked or insist that it couldn't be proven when confronted.⁽⁴⁾

Ditko's reluctance to admit to his contributions might have less to do with prudism than his embrace of Ayn Rand's Objectivist philosophy.

On the other hand, Stanton was more forthcoming about helping Ditko. In a 1988 interview, Stanton was asked whether he contributed to the creation of Spider-Man. He replied:

My contribution [to] Spider-Man was almost nil. When we worked on storyboards together, I added a few ideas. But the whole thing was created by Steve on his own. The whole thing was Steve Ditko. I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands, and we talked about the characters, and in turn, he helped me with my stuff.⁽⁵⁾

FOOTNOTES

1. „Eric Stanton Taschen Diary 2000“, Benedikt Taschen Verlag, Cologne, 1999 (as cited in Datenschlag)
2. The Art of Eric Stanton: For the Man Who Knows His Place by Eric Stanton, Erik Kroll (ed.) Taschen, 1997
3. "Comic Books, Kinky Books: Five Faces of Steve Ditko" (Introduction) by Blake Bell in Dripping With Fear: The Steve Ditko Archives Volume 5 edited by Blake Bell. Fantagraphics (January 1, 2015) ASIN: B019TMJFIW
4. Joe Rubenstein. Interview with Blake Bell. 2007 (as cited in "Comic Books, Kinky Books: Five Faces of Steve Ditko" in Dripping with Fear)
5. Eric Stanton. Interview with Greg Theakston. 1988 (as cited in The Steve Ditko Reader Vol. 1, 2002.)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Virginia Prince founded Transvestia magazine, the first widely-distributed magazine focused on the crossdressing community

contrib. Ambrosio. September 29, 2024.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

In Great Britain, the spy series „The Avengers“ starts, in which at first Honor Blackman, then Diana Rigg, and finally Linda Thorson play the role of the leather-clad agent Mrs. Emma Peel. The first design draft, a leather costume with laced boots, corset, and mask, is discarded by the producers as too erotic.

Nevertheless, especially Diana Rigg becomes a leading figure of the British fetish and S&M subculture in the following years. The name „Mrs. Emma Peel“ is reportedly deduced from „Miss SM-Appeal“.

CITEd BY DACHS: Farren, Mick „The black leather jacket“ Abbeville Press New York 1985, p. 49

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

The German sexologist Hans Giese publishes his textbook „Psychopathologie der Sexualität“ (psychopathology of sexuality), a continuation of Krafft-Ebing’s „Psychopathia sexualis“. The first 30 pages are dedicated to the importance of Christian beliefs for sexual medicine; he also links sadomasochism to the increase of the abortion ratio. Giese’s teachings dominate the German sexology until the 21. century, causing it to develop rather insularly from the rest of the world. In 1992, three out of four professorships for sexology in Germany are held by his students.

CITED by DACHS:

• Giese, Hans: „Psychopathologie der Sexualität“. Enke, Stuttgart 1962
• Haeberle, Erwin J.: „Sexualwissenschaft heute“. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung, FEHLT 1992

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Publication of Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals by American psychoanalyst Irving Bieber (1909–1991.) Bieber argues that Homosexuality is an acquired condition.

According to the New York Times:

In 1962 he headed a team of colleagues that published "Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytical Study of Male Homosexuals" (Basic Books), a nine-year study of 106 gay men. The study, the largest and most extensive on the origins of Homosexuality at that time, held that disruptions in family relationships early in life contributed to a child's homosexual development. It concluded: "A constructive, supportive, warmly related father precludes the possibility of a homosexual son; he acts as a neutralizing, protective agent should the mother make seductive or close-binding attempts."

Dr. Bieber's study helped bring candor to the discussion of Homosexuality, but his view of it as deviant behavior was controversial even then and has since been disavowed. In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association removed Homosexuality from its list of psychiatric disorders, but Dr. Bieber remained steadfast, telling an interviewer the same year that "a homosexual is a person whose heterosexual function is crippled, like the legs of a polio victim."

CITE: Myers, Steven L. "Irving Bieber, 80, a Psychoanalyst Who Studied Homosexuality, Dies." New York Times (New York), August 28, 1991. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/28/nyregion/irving-bieber-80-a-psychoanalyst-who-studied-Homosexuality-dies.html.

contrib. Ambrosio Jan. 2023.

ADDENDUM: The film Scorpio Rising premieres at the Gramercy Arts Theater in New York City. Kenneth Anger shot, edited, co-wrote (with Ernest D. Glucksman), and directed the short film. It features themes of the occult, biker subculture, Homosexuality, Christianity, and Nazism.

SEE ALSO:

• American Leather Goes Mainstream: Anger, Arnett and Life Magazine by Chris M.
• About Kenneth Anger and Scorpio Rising by Ambrosio

contrib. Ambrosio April 3, 2023.

ADDENDUM: Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It is a landmark piece of legislation outlawing discrimination in the United States based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. (In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court would rule in Bostock v. Clayton County that it is illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for an employer to not hire, to fire, or to otherwise discriminate against individuals because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.)

contrib. Ambrosio Sept. 29, 2024

ADDENDUM:
IMAGE SOURCE: Life magazine June 26, 1964.

SEE ALSO:

• Jack Fritscher "Artist Chuck Arnett: His life/our times" in Thompson, Mark (editor). 1991. Leatherfolk -- Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice. 1st ed. Boston: Alyson Books
• American Leather Goes Mainstream: Anger, Arnett and Life Magazine by Chris M.
• Life Looks at Leather (1964)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Gay men and a lesbian demonstrate for gay rights outside the Great Hall at Cooper Union. They protest against a psychiatrist who was there to present a lecture entitled “Homosexuality, A Disease.” It is the second-ever public demonstration for gay rights in the United States and the first to challenge the psychiatric profession.

contrib. Ambrosio Sept. 29, 2024

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

„The Erotic Minorities / A Sexual Bill of Rights“, a book by the Swedish psychiatrist Lars Ullerstam, is published in the German translation. The unusually liberally arguing author defends the right of every human to live out individual sexual differences, as long as the society does not sustain damage. „About algolagny (Lust of pain)“, he writes, „we do know as good as nothing, even though there had been written about it a lot. (...) The only certain knowledge about algolagny that we possess is the knowledge that it holds huge possibilities for happiness in it.“

For many decades, Ullerstam’s book is one of the most open-minded ones about sexual diversity.

CITED by DACHS: Ullerstam, Lars: „Die sexuellen Minderheiten“. Kala Verlag, Hamburg 1965

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Samuel M. Steward recounts an encounter with Steve Masters for the benefit of Dr. Kinsey in "Dr Kinsey Takes a Peek at S/M: A Reminiscence" in Thompson, Mark (editor). 1991. Leatherfolk -- Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice. 1st ed. Boston: Alyson Books..

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

The American professor for philosophy John Frederick Lange Jr., better known under his pseudonym John Norman, publishes the book „Tarnsman of Gor“. In the following novels, the planet Gor is described in detail, on which women are subjugated to men. The jacket design of the first editions is made by the fantasy artist Boris Vallejo. Some terms of the Gor universe are adopted by sadomasochists. The German translations are either directly indexed by the BPjS, or published only in strongly shortened versions; until September 1989, 11 out of 19 books published in German are indexed.

CITED by DACHS:

• Schlagzeilen, Vol. 4, September 1989, p. 30-31
• Nicholls, Peter „The Science Fiction Encyclopedia“, Dolphin Books New York 1979, p. 430
• Vallejo, Boris „The Fantastic Art of Boris Vallejo“, Ballantine Books New York 1978
• für jugendgefährdende Schriften, Bundesprüfstelle (Ed.): „Gesamtverzeichnis indizierter Bücher, Taschenbücher, Broschüren und Comics“ 1993, p. 28

SEE ALSO:

• What is Gor? by Silk. A thoughtful article on the Gor phenomena.
• Chain gang by Julia Gracen: a fascinating, well written, and insightful Salon.com article about the Gor community.
• Insight Into The Gorean Lifestyle by Michael
• Pain For Your Pleasure: A Learning Experience by Fire-Soul
• Parodies of the Gor novels
  • House Plants of Gor
  • Golfers of Gor

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM:

Doctors Masters & Johnson conducts a scientific study comparing clitorial and vaginal orgasms. They conclude that both types were essentially the same in regards to sexual response. They argue that clitoral stimulation is necessary for most woman to reach orgasm.

This contradicts Sigmund Freud's theory of an "orgasm hierarchy" which decreed that clitoral orgasms were “adolescent” and indicative of sexual and psychological immaturity while vaginal orgasm are superior, more powerful, and indicated sexual and psychological maturity.

contrib. Ambrosio Feb. 16, 2023.

ADDENDUM: The January 21, 1966 issue of Time Magazine contains the article The Homosexual in America. It's outlook is similar to the earlier Life magazine article and covers much of the same ground.

It mentions Leather bars briefly.

As André Gide pointed out long ago from personal experience, there are several varieties of homosexuals that the heterosexual world lumps together but that "feel an irrepressible loathing for one another." Today in the U.S., there are "mixed" bars where all homosexuals, male and female, are persona grata; "cuff-linky" bars that cater to the college and junior-executive type; "swish" bars for the effeminates and "hair fairies" with their careful coiffures; "TV" bars, which cater not to television fans but to transvestites; "leather" bars for the tough-guy types with their fondness for chains and belts; San Francisco's new "Topless Boys" discotheques, featuring bare-chested entertainers. San Francisco and Los Angeles are rivals for the distinction of being the capital of the gay world; the nod probably goes to San Francisco.

CORRECTION: Previously, the publication date was incorrectly listed as June 21, 1966.

contrib. Ambrosio April 19, 2023.

IMAGE SOURCES:

• Michelangelo's David: Wikicommons
• Mike Caffee's David: "Folsom Street: The Miracle Mile" by Gayle Rubin

SEE ALSO: Folsom Street: The Miracle Mile by Gayle Rubin

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Drag queens and allies fought back against police harassment and discrimination in a riot at Compton's Cafeteria in San Francisco's Tenderloin district.

contrib. Ambrosio. Sept. 29, 2024.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

In France, Luis Buñuel picturizes the novel „Belle de Jour“ by Joseph Kessel (1929), starring Catherine Deneuve. The well-situated middle-class woman Séverine (Deneuve) secretly works in a luxury brothel to fulfill her masochistic wishes, which her husband Pierre is neither able to understand nor to fulfill.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Columbia University in New York City officially charters the Student Homophile League, the country’s first student gay rights group. It will later rename itself as the Columbia Queer Alliance.

SEE ALSO:

• Student Homophile League at Earl Hall, Columbia University on the NYC LBGT Historic Sites Project
• A Historic First on the Columbia News website
• Columbia Queer Alliance on wikicu.com

contrib. Ambrosio Sept. 29, 2024

ADDENDUM: The Look magazine issue for January 10, 1967 includes an article by Jack Star entitled The Sad 'Gay' Life. It goes over much of the same ground as the 1964 Life magazine report on "Homosexuality in America" except the leather bar in Look is located in Chicago instead of San Fransico.

Chicago has more than 40 gay bars. One on North Clark Street, a short taxi ride from the Loop, has motorcycles parked outside; it is a "leather bar." Large murals of muscular motorcyclists fill the walls. In the back is a pool table where rough-looking youths in leather jackets wait for a "trick" to come in. A sign on the wall says: "Every Tuesday is leather night—beer 25 cents if you wear leather jackets, pants or shirt." A guard from a private watch service, with a gun strapped his hip, circles around the room.

contrib. Ambrosio April 28, 2023.

ADDENDUM: The case is Directory Services, Inc., Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee, 353 F.2d 299 (8th Cir. 1965)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

CORRECTION: According Jay Shockley of the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, Fred Sargeant (who was Craig Rodwell's boyfriend for a time and manager of the first bookshop) states that wasn't quite true. He said:

There was no prohibition regarding S&M texts. I recall there was one book that was popular for a time but I don't recall the title. It was carried in our mail order catalog.

This myth may have its origins with the shop not carrying skin or muscle magazines. Back then there were ample sources for such publications, and not just in Times Square's seedy magazine shops. The racier publications were Mafia sourced and we made a business decision to stay away from any mob connection, as our leafletting at the time of Stonewall will affirm.

On occasion, people who were self publishing would offer their work. We had limited space and could not take everything offered. I can see where someone may have misconstrued a refusal with a judgment. I hope this is of help.

contrib. AstridAegis Jan. 17, 2023.

ADDENDUM: The DSM-II changed homosexuality from a "sociopathic personality disturbance" to a "sexual orientation disturbance" making it a mental illness. It also added a new category called "sexual deviation," which included various sexual behaviors including homosexuality, fetishism, pedophilia, transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism, and "other sexual deviation."

SEE ALSO: A Brief History of Homosexuality and Sadomasochism in the DSM

contrib. Ambrosio Sept. 29, 2024

SEE ALSO: Summer of ’68: The Founding of UFMCC by Rev. Troy D. Perry (Sep 01, 1998)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: In The Leatherman's Handbook, Larry Townsend writes:

A landmark book for the leather set was William Carney's hardcover book, The Real Thing (Putname, 1968). This novel has such impact on the gay S & M scene that I have felt compelled to make reference to it several times in the proceeding chapters. Obviously I disagree with a number of Carney's statements, although I respect his ability as a writer. Despite the personal sacrifices I understand he had to make in publishing it, I do not believe he was describing a realistic sequence of events. His purism, and his attempt to categorize leathermen into ridgidly defined ranks, is an ivory tower approach to that falls on its face when you try to equate it with any person experience. I would recommend the work on its literary merit; I would not suggest that a novice take it to heart. (I might also note that my original copy, for which I paid $6, got away from me and I replaced it for $1 through Marboro's mail order service.)

The Real Thing will go out of print for decades, but Richard Kasak Books will publish a new edition in 1995.

SEE ALSO: slave david stein includes this novel in his partial bibliography, History of Our Leather-S/M-Fetish Subculture and Communities.

contrib. Ambrosio (with thanks to SimplyMichael on FL.) November 9, 2023

ADDENDUM: Following the work of Masters and Johnson in the previous year, Jane Gerhard writes the essay "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm" further challenging Sigmund Freud's theory of the inferiority of the clitoral orgasm to the vaginal orgasm.

CITE: Anne Koedt. Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm.

contrib. Ambrosio April 16, 2023.

ADDENDUM: During a busy night at The Patch, a popular gay bar in Los Angeles owned by comedian Lee Glaze, the LAPD conducts a raid, arresting several patrons. Outraged by the police action, Glaze takes to the stage and declares that being homosexual and being in a gay bar are not crimes. He rallies the crowd, urging them to "fight for your rights" and promises to cover bail and legal fees for anyone arrested. Glaze then leads the patrons in a "flower power" protest to the Harbor Division Police Station, where they demand the release of those arrested. This incident, along with a similar raid at the Black Cat Tavern, inspires Rev. Troy Perry to found the Metropolitan Community Church later that year, a supportive space for the LGBTQ+ community that grows to over 43,000 members.

SEE ALSO:

• The Patch Bar Flower Power Protest from the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the USC Libraries
• Today In History, 1968: The Flower Power Protest Against Los Angeles Police.
• Los Angeles Advocate (Volume 2 #9, September 1968) cover article "'Patch' Raids Police Station: Cops Join Hoods in Harassing Bar" by Dick Michaels
• "Eulogy for Lee Glaze". 17 December 2013.
• “Patch Fights Three-Way Battle.” The Los Angeles Advocate (September 1968): 3, 25.
• “Courage Catches On.” The Los Angeles Advocate (September 1968): 5.
• Dick Michaels. “Cops Join Hoods in Harassing Bar.” The Los Angeles Advocate (September 1968): 5-6.
• Lee Glaze. Letter to the editor. The Los Angeles Advocate (October 1968): 19-20.
• Faderman, Lillian; Timmons, Stuart (2006). Gay L.A.: a history of sexual outlaws, power politics, and lipstick lesbians. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02288-5.
• Swicegood, Tom (2003). Our God Too: Biography of a Church and a Temple. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-27396-6.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The case is One Eleven Wines & Liquors, Inc. v. Div. Alcoholic Bev. Cont.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Many news stories in 1969 place the word "new," "gay," and "militant" in close proximity. For example, the text "new militancy was developing among homosexuals" would appear in Thousands of Homosexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park, a news story by Lacey Fosburgh which appeared in the New York Times on June 29, 1970.

But I haven't yet found a citation in which the text "The Year of the Newly Militant Homosexual" appears in Time Magazine. I couldn't find it in the three articles in the Oct. 31, 1969 issue. (Although, I found something close in that issue: Their new militancy makes other citizens edgy.)

However, I was able to find two newspaper articles which also attribute the text to Time:

• Before Stonewall, Time Magazine called 1969 'The Year of the Newly Militant Homosexual.' in "A Stonewall Chapter" by Fredrick Kahler. Seattle Gay News Fri, Jun 17, 1994. ·Page 94-103 (96)
• Time Magazine proclaimed 1969 'The Year of the Newly Militant Homosexual.' in "Chicago After Stonewall: The First Year" By St. Sukie de la Croix. Chicago Tribune. Thursday, June 04, 2009. Pages TAB-09 through TAB-10

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.
Updated August 31, 2024.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

Under the pseudonym Pauline Réage, the novel „Retour à Roissy“ („Return to the Chateau“) is published in France, a sequel to the novel „Story of O“. This second part is considered to be much weaker than the first one, and has no influence on the subculture. The BPjS indexes the book in May 1982.

CITED by DACHS:

• Réage, Pauline: „Rückkehr nach Roissy“. Melzer, Darmstadt 1969
• Deforges, Regine / Réage, Pauline: „Die O hat mir erzählt. Hintergründe eines Bestsellers“. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München 1976
• Stutzer, Dietmar: „Pauline Réage ist tot – die O lebt“. Schlagzeilen, (41), 1998, pp. 46–47
• Deunan, Wolf: „Zum Tod von Pauline Réage“. Schlagzeilen, (41), 1998, pp. 48–49
• für jugendgefährdende Schriften, Bundesprüfstelle (Ed.): „Gesamtverzeichnis indizierter Bücher, Taschenbücher, Broschüren und Comics“ 1993, p. 31

Also published that year: Kiss of Leather by Larry Townsend.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: According to the English version of the "Datenschlag Chronicle of Sadomasochismus (DACHS)":

The US anthropologist Paul Gebhard publishes a study on „Fetishism and Sadomasochism“, in which S&M is put in a cultural context. Sadomasochism is seen as the result of cultural influences and „scripted behavior“ (a kind of role-play behavior). This study is the first one to break with Krafft-Ebing’s ideas again, and paves the way for sociological research studies on S&M.

CITED by DACHS: Weinberg, Thomas S. „Sadomasochism. Studies in Dominance and Submission“ Prometheus Books, p. 20

The article is GEBHARD, PAUL H., “Fetishism and Sadomasochism”, Science and Psychoanalysis, Vol. XV (1969) 71-80. In it he writes

Sadomasochism is embedded in our culture since our culture operates on the basis of dominance-submission relationships and aggression is socially valued. Even our gender relationships have been formulated in a framework conducive to sadomasochism: the male is supposed to be dominant and aggressive sexually and the female reluctant or submissive.

Other papers by Paul Gebhard include:

• Gebhard, P.H. (1969). Misconceptions about female prostitutes. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality, 3(3):24, 28-30.
• Gebhard, P.H. (1969). Why Chant d'Amour was banned. Censorship Today, 2(4):17-19.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Larry Townsend founded the Homophile Effort for Legal Protection (H.E.L.P.) in Los Angeles to bail out and defend gays who had been entrapped and arrested by the L.A.P.D.

contrib. Ambrosio April 16, 2023.

ADDENDUM: The film Midnight Cowboy is released. As Tony DeBlase writes earlier in this timeline, John Schlesinger's film is kicked to pieces by the critics for being too gay, and by militant gays for not being gay enough.

SEE ALSO: Midnight Cowboy - Trailer
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDITIONAL READING:

• David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin’s, 2004).
• Martin Duberman, Stonewall: The Definitive Story of the LGBTQ Rights Uprising that Changed America (New York City: Plume, 2019).
• What Happened at the Stonewall Riots? A Timeline of the 1969 Uprising
• 1969 The Stonewall Uprising

VIDEOS on YouTube:

• How the Stonewall Riots Sparked a Movement from the History Channel (3:54)
• The American Experience: Stonewall Uprising from PBS (1:21:20)
• The Stonewall You Know Is a Myth. And That’s O.K. from The New York Times (9:45)
• How Stonewall Became Famous from the New York Times Opinion (18:35)
• The Stonewall Riots: How the gay rights movement began from the Global Newschannel (7:06)
• The Day the Stonewall Riots Shook America from the Smithsonian Channel (2:52)
  This is an excerpt from the full-length documentary Beyond Stonewall: Exploring LGBTQ+ History Through the Smithsonian Archives (51:00).

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: Here is the entire text of the news story.

Four Policemen Hurt in Village Raid

Melee Near Sheridan Square Follows Action At Bar

Hundreds of young men went on a rampage in Greenwich Village shortly after 3 a.m. yesterday after a force of plainclothes men raided a bar that the police said was well known for its homosexual clientele. Thirteen persons were arrested and four policemen injured.

The young men threw bricks, bottles, garbage, pennies and a parking meter at the policemen, who had a search warrant authorizing them to investigate reports that liquor was sold illegally at the bar, the Stonewall Inn, 53 Christopher Street, just off Sheridan Square.

Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine said that a large crowd formed in the square after being evicted from the bar. Police reinforcements were sent to the area to hold off the crowd.

Plainclothes men and detectives confiscated cases of liquor from the bar, which Inspector Pine said was operating without a liquor license.

The police estimated that 200 young men had expelled from the bar. The crowd grew to close to 400 during the melee, which lasted about 45 minutes, they said.

Arrested in the melee, was David Van Ronk, 33 years old, of 15 Sheridan Square, a well known folk singer. He was accused of having thrown a heavy object at a patrolman and later paroled on his own recognizance.

The raid was one of three held on Village bars in the last two weeks, Inspector Pine said.

Charges against the 13 who were arrested ranged from harassement and resisting arrest to disorderly conduct. A patrol man suffered a broken wrist, the police said.

Throngs of young men congregated outside the inn last night, reading alound comdemnations of the police.

A sign on the door said "This is a private club. Members only." Only soft drinks were being served.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: "Police Again Rout ‘Village’ Youths," reports the New York Times on June 30, 1969 on Page 22:

POLICE AGAIN ROUT 'VILLAGE' YOUTHS

Outbreak by 400 Follows a Near-Riot Over Raid

Heavy police reinforcements cleared the Sheridan Square area of Greenwich Village again yesterday morning when large crowds of young men, angered by a police raid on an inn frequented by homosexuals, swept through the area.

Tactical Patrol Force units assigned to the East Village poured into the area about 2:15 A.M. after units from the Charles Street station house were unable to control a crowd of about 400 youths, some of whom were throwing bottles and lighting small fires. Their arms linked, a row of helmeted policemen stretching across the width of the street made several sweeps up and down Christopher Street between the Avenue of the Americas and Seventh Avenue South.

The crowd retreated before them, but many groups fled into the numerous small side streets and re-formed behind the police line. The police were not withdrawn until 4 A-M.

A number of people who did not retreat fast enough were pushed and shoved along, and at least two men were clubbed to the ground.

Stones and bottles were thrown at the police lines, and the police twice broke ranks and charged into the crowd. Three persons were arrested on charges of harassment and disorderly conduct.

The crowd had gathered in the evening across the street from the Stonewall Inn at 53 Christopher Street, where the police staged a raid early Saturday. The police were denounced by last night's crowd for allegedly harassing homosexuals. Graffiti on the boardedup windows of the inn included: “Support gay power” and “Legalize gay bars." Saturday’s raid took place when about 200 people were in the bar. Plainclothes men, with a warrant authorizing a search for illegal sales of alcohol, confiscated cases of liquor and beer.

A melee involving about 400 youths ensued, a partial riot mobilization was ordered by Police Headquarters, and 13 persons were arrested on a number of charges. Four policemen were injured, one suffering a broken wrist. Among those arrested was Dave Van Ronk. a folk singer.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

CORRECTION: The quote didn't appear in TIME Magazine in 1969 and it can not be attributed to the magazine's editorial or reporting staff.

It was a reader's response made to a story from the September 8, 1975 issue --- six years after the incident. In the Forum feature (i.e., a "Letter to the Editors" type page.) In the September 29, 1975 issue, Althea L. Hart of Kenosha, WI, wrote Homosexuality ... was once called 'the love that dare not speak its name.' Now it won't shut up.

(That is simlar to a quotation attributed to Canadian novelist Robertson Davies. But if he truly said or wrote it, I haven't found the primary source. It's very likely another misattribution.)

It's doubtful that Ms. Hart was referring specifically to the Stonewall Riot. While the magazine briefly mentioned the events in an Oct. 31, 1969 article, it didn't name the bar where it started. The riot wasn't mentioned at all in the 1975 issue that Ms. Hart was responding to. According to TIME magazine's website, It wasn’t until 1979, in an article about the great progress that movement had made, that TIME first mentioned the name of the bar where it began.

SEE ALSO: Two Loves by Lord Alfred Douglas

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: New York Daily News runs a news story about the Stonewall Riots with the headline "Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad." The author is Jerry Lisker.

She sat there with her legs crossed, the lashes of her mascara-coated eyes beating like the wings of a hummingbird. She was angry. She was so upset she hadn't bothered to shave. A day old stubble was beginning to push through the pancake makeup. She was a he. A queen of Christopher Street.

Last weekend the queens had turned commandos and stood bra strap to bra strap against an invasion of the helmeted Tactical Patrol Force. The elite police squad had shut down one of their private gay clubs, the Stonewall Inn at 57 Christopher St., in the heart of a three-block homosexual community in Greenwich Village. Queen Power reared its bleached blonde head in revolt. New York City experienced its first homosexual riot. "We may have lost the battle, sweets, but the war is far from over," lisped an unofficial lady-in-waiting from the court of the Queens.

Lisker ends the story on a prescient note: The police are sure of one thing. They haven't heard the last from the Girls of Christopher Street.


TEXT OF THE PRIMARY SOURCE ONLINE:

• On PBS.org
• On Newspapers.com

SEE ALSO:

• How the homophobic media covered the 1969 Stonewall uprising By Gillian Brockell from the Washington Post on June 8, 2019
• lgbt-history-archive on Tumblr
• Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Stinging Mad by Larry Gross for Truthdig.com

contrib. Ambrosio. August 2024.

ADDENDUM: In his column for the Village Voice, Walter Troy Spencer covers the recent Stonewall Riots and creates an association between them and the recent funeral of Judy Garland. His column begins The combination of a full moon and Judy Garland’s funeral was too much for them, Dick Neuweiler said the other day, assessing the cause of the Great Faggot Rebellion.

The Dick Neuweiler whom Spencer quotes might an actor named Richard Neuweiler. His credits include The Big Tune Out (1964), "a radio dramatization and political satire about the 1964 Democratic National Convention" and The Virgin President, a 1968 film comedy featuring the Second City comedy troupe.

CITE: "Last Call: Too much my dear" by Walter Troy Spencer in The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History edited by Marc Stein. New York : New York University Press; 2019

ADDITIONAL READING: Some People Think Stonewall Was Triggered by Judy Garland’s Funeral. Here’s Why Many Experts Disagree

contrib. Ambrosio. August 2024.

ADDENDUM: Here's coverage from a TIME Magazine news story published on October 24th:

A far-reaching report on Homosexuality for the Federal Government's National Institute of Mental Health, released this week, maintains that such hostility is unjustified by any dangers that Homosexuality may pose for society. The 14-member task force that prepared the report was headed by U.C.L.A.'s Evelyn Hooker, an erudite, compassionate psychologist who is one of the nation's most distinguished researchers in the field. A majority of the panel, which included psychiatrists, sociologists, anthropologists, lawyers and a theologian, urges states to abolish the laws that make homosexual intercourse a crime for consenting adults in private. More controversially, their report recommends that government and private employers "reassess" their current standards and implies that they should hire homosexuals who can pass normal screening procedures. (A three-man minority of the task force dissents, saying that research is still insufficient for making policy judgments.) The report is the first by any group under U.S. Government auspices to take this stance.

Says the report: "The extreme opprobrium that our society has attached to homosexual behavior has done more social harm than good, and goes beyond what is necessary for the maintenance of public order and human decency. Homosexuality presents a major problem for our society largely because of the amount of injustice and suffering entailed in it, not only for the homosexual but also for those concerned about him."

CITE: "Homosexuality: Coming to Terms" in TIME Magazine, Oct. 24, 1969.
contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The October 31, 1969 issue of TIME Magazine reports on "The Homosexual in America" in three articles:

• "The Homosexual: Newly Visible, Newly Understood" pages 56–66.
• "Four Lives in the Gay World" page 62
• "A Discussion: Are Homosexuals Sick?" pages 66–67

The first article states:

Their new militancy makes other citizens edgy, and it can be shrill. Hurling rocks and bottles and wielding a parking meter that had been wrenched out of the sidewalk, homosexuals rioted last summer in New York's Greenwich Village after police closed one of the city's 50 all-gay bars and clubs on an alleged liquor-law violation. Pressure from militant self-styled "homophiles" has forced political candidates' views about Homosexuality in to recent election campaigns in New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Homosexuals have picketed businesses, the White House and the Pentagon, demanding an end to job discrimination.

Later on the article notes Most straight Americans still regard the invert with a mixture of revulsion and apprehension, to which some authorities have given the special diagnostic name of homosexual panic.

The article mentions the current thinking in the mental health field:

A violently argued issue these days is whether the confirmed homosexual is mentally ill. Psychoanalysts insist that Homosexuality is a form of sickness; most homosexuals and many experts counter that the medical concept only removes the already fading stigma of sin, and replaces it with the charge — even more pejorative nowadays — that Homosexuality is pathological.

The cover story was written by Contributing Editor Christopher Coy, researched by Madeleine Berry, and reported by Ruth Galein.

TIME Magazine would return to the topic with another cover story on September 8, 1975.

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

TIME Magazine publishes Letters from its readers in response to the three articles about "The Homosexual in America" in the October 31, issue.

Donald H. Clark, a clinical psychologist in Ardsley, N.Y. wrote:

I have begun to see how the pressures to conform force young humans to squeeze individual self into a mold created by a popular myth of what "other people" think, believe and feel. It is the myth of the normal person. Squeezing self into the mold painfully denies some of the natural individual self, and one is left vaguely resentful and unhappy.

The loss of natural in pursuit of normal can be seen in a man's discomfort about physical expression of affection for another man. The urge is for affectional interchange that goes beyond the anesthetized handshake or the slap on the back. But there is fear that if affectional urges are freed, one may be seen by others and/or by himself as "queer."

Viewing Homosexuality as a "condition" uncovers our implicit belief that a natural part of self for many (perhaps most) men is bad because it does not fit our myth of the "normal" man. We live in a world where a man may kill another man but he may not kiss another man on the television screen viewed by our children. Natural urges thus emerge in ugly, distorted form.

In the name of sane humanity, let us stop our obsessive concern about Homosexuality as a condition. Let us stop nervously watching our children until they start dating. Let us encourage the search for natural self. Let us encourage expression of all varieties of affection before our denied and twisted desires murder us all in an acceptable war.

Henry Hay, founder and organizer of the first Mattachine Society (Los Angeles, 1949-53), argued that chauvinism was the root cause of homophobia and sexual harassment:

I call upon its many inheritors to abandon the culs-de-sac of sectarianism and special pleadings and make common cause with the many fronts of the Free Generation confronting the real enemy—male chauvinism!

Other than homosexuals and all womankind, not the least of its victims in our antagonistic society are the heterosexual males, themselves caught up in a chimera of superiority deriving from a culturally unconscious past. Chauvinism, in all its sexual as well as racial aspects, is the real enemy of all men and women who seek the one security that is viable—community—and the one freedom that is transcendant—individuation.

Veronica Marsland of Queens Village, N.Y. called for a diffrent approach.

God created woman for man, and for the perpetuation of the human race, otherwise, He would have created man alone. It is as simple as that. Homosexuals are hopelessly antiwoman, and to encourage their wantonness is to demean all women.

Perhaps society should adjure to the ancient law of putting to death all deviates.

C. Moore of Media, Pa. lyricized

Talk about sick! Look around once quick.
What did you see? The sickness, boy, is in you and me!
His thing doesn't kill, maim or addict.
His thing is love and that's not sick.

In a letter that anticipated the Leonard Matlovich cover story for the Sept. 8, 1975 issue of TIME, Seaman Anthony G. Lunde, U.S.N. gave his account of coming out to the Navy:

Last September, after three months in the U.S. Navy, I walked into a doctor's office on base. In a tear-filled outburst, I told him I am, had been, and will always be gay. The Navy is now processing my discharge under the heading of Fraudulent Enlistment.

A search for patriotism, fatherly favor, and stability prompted me to hide in the epitome of all-maleness, the military vacuum. Anguished realization that I was denying myself a firm part of my whole being forced me to tell the truth. I am grateful for your article, which has given me insight as to the kind of public reception I will receive when I no longer boast, "I am an American sailor," but cry out more proudly, I am an American homosexual.

S. M. Gibson of Williamsport, Pa. found the article mostly informative and objective but she was amused by the line that the homosexuals' new militancy makes other citizens edgy. She responded:

For centuries we have written your music and your literary masterpieces, painted your beautiful pictures, designed your clothing and home furnishings, danced and acted in your plays, styled your hair, and in general given you your highly prized American culture; if the truth be known, 95% of American culture is the homosexuals' culture.

Perhaps it is finally time we realize that we contribute to a society that despises us. We want our rights now, not 100 years from now. Try to visualize 12 million homosexual men and women marching on Washington.

Yes, edgy indeed.

Jane Afton Barry of Weston, Mass. suggested that those who judge homosexuals should keep in mind Poet Rod McKuen's words: 'It is not how we love or who we love but that we love.'

Finally, Nicole Lieberman of Weston, Mass. asked Since no one basiclly cares about whether or not the other fellow likes his steak rare or well done, or how many times he visits the bathroom, why all the fuss about how the other guy likes his sex? Is it anybody's business, really?

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.

ADDENDUM: The case was Morrison v. State Board of Education.

SEE ALSO:

• Forgotten court case shows how a California schoolteacher was persecuted for being gay in the Washington Post
• Morrison v. State Board of Education (Justia US Law)
• Morrison v. State Board of Education , 1 Cal.3d 214 (stanford.edu)

contrib. Ambrosio. late 2022.